Genetics and Family Health Chapter 11
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Questions and Answers

What is one of the primary roles of genes in an organism?

  • To regulate socioeconomic status
  • To act as a complete DNA strand for organism development
  • To store all cultural experiences
  • To provide coded instructions for protein synthesis (correct)

Which of the following conditions is NOT typically influenced by family history?

  • Headaches from stress (correct)
  • Diabetes
  • Cancer
  • Cardiovascular disease

What is DNA primarily composed of?

  • Lipids and proteins
  • Base pairs forming a double helix (correct)
  • Amino acids and sugars
  • Carbohydrates and nucleotides

How many chromosomes do human sperm and egg cells each have?

<p>23 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential issue can arise from DNA testing?

<p>Genetic discrimination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common reason for couples to seek infertility remedies?

<p>Inherited genetic traits impacting reproductive health (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of therapeutic cloning?

<p>To repair injured or diseased tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately reflects a principle of genetics?

<p>Some health problems recur due to dysfunctional inheritance from family. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'genetic engineering' refer to?

<p>The modification of an organism's DNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stem cells can differentiate into almost all types of tissues and cells?

<p>Pluripotent stem cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common concern associated with cloning animals, exemplified by Dolly the sheep?

<p>Aging-related health issues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a purpose of genetic cloning in agriculture?

<p>To produce fertilizers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medical applications is associated with cloning animals?

<p>Cloning tissues for organ transplantation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant event in cloning history is associated with the name Dolly?

<p>First successfully cloned sheep (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cell is a multipotent stem cell?

<p>Can differentiate into a limited number of cell types (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential benefit of cloning for researchers studying human diseases?

<p>Creation of stable disease models (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Human Genome Project?

<p>To map all the genes within human chromosomes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many genes do humans approximately have according to the findings of the Human Genome Project?

<p>20,000 to 25,000 genes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of genetic testing is used to identify the presence of hereditary diseases?

<p>Predictive testing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of carrier testing?

<p>To identify harmful genes in adults that could be passed to offspring (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which test is commonly used for detecting certain abnormalities in a fetus?

<p>Ultrasound (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When do symptoms of Huntington's disease typically begin to appear?

<p>During middle age (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one surprising finding from the Human Genome Project?

<p>Humans have fewer than expected genes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option describes the role of genes in the human genome?

<p>They hold the information necessary for making proteins and enzymes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason germ-line gene therapy is currently considered inappropriate for treating genetic diseases?

<p>It raises significant ethical issues. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of reproductive-age couples in the United States are estimated to face infertility issues?

<p>10 to 15 percent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes heterologous artificial insemination?

<p>Using donor sperm to fertilize the woman's eggs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes traditional surrogacy from gestational surrogacy?

<p>Traditional surrogacy includes a genetic relationship to the surrogate. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which procedure involves bringing together eggs and sperm outside the body?

<p>In vitro fertilization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines infertility according to the content provided?

<p>Inability to conceive for a year or longer. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can happen to an embryo that is created via in vitro fertilization?

<p>It can be frozen in liquid nitrogen for later implantation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common option for couples facing infertility?

<p>Hormonal injections (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary objectives of cloning pigs?

<p>To use them for xenotransplantation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ethical objection is commonly raised against using animals in cloning experiments?

<p>The idea that animals should not be subjected to experiments for human benefit (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of large-offspring syndrome observed in cloned mammals?

<p>Enlarged hearts and immature lungs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant challenge concerning the success of animal cloning?

<p>A large failure rate persists with current techniques (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the potential risks associated with human cloning?

<p>Unknown impacts on mental development (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of cloning is considered illegal in the United States and several other countries?

<p>Cloning of humans (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'xenotransplantation' refer to?

<p>Transplanting animal organs into humans (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the cloning of animals sometimes viewed as problematic by ethicists?

<p>It risks creating long-term health issues in cloned animals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What legal principle allows the state to act in a child's best interest, potentially overriding parental authority?

<p>Parens patriae (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which federal law contains provisions specific to adoptive parents and their children?

<p>Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are safe haven laws designed to address?

<p>Legalizing the abandonment of newborns at designated locations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under which law can physicians withhold treatment from severely disabled infants with parental consent?

<p>Federal Child Abuse Amendments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens under common law regarding the health care decisions for minor children?

<p>Parents have the right to make health care decisions for their minor children (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has increased due to fears or desperation, leading to the implementation of safe haven laws?

<p>Abandonment of infants (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the legal rights of newborns in relation to other American citizens?

<p>They have the same legal rights as any citizen of any age (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a condition under which treatment may be withheld from disabled infants, according to federal law?

<p>The infant is chronically and irreversibly comatose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Heredity

The passing of genetic traits from parents to offspring.

Genetics

The study of how genes influence traits and diseases.

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid; a molecule that carries genetic information.

Chromosome

A thread-like structure that carries DNA.

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Gene

A segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein.

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Family History and Disease Risk

Strong family history is a significant risk factor for common diseases like cancer, heart disease and diabetes.

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Genetic Engineering

Altering an organism's genes to modify traits.

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Stem Cell Research

Studying and using stem cells with potential to differentiate into various cell types.

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What are chromosomes?

Chromosomes are thread-like structures found in the nucleus of cells. They carry the genetic information (genes) that determine our traits. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes inherited from both parents.

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What are genes?

Genes are small segments of DNA located on chromosomes. Each gene contains instructions for making specific proteins, which influence our traits.

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What is the human genome?

The human genome is the complete set of genetic information in a human being. It includes all the genes found on all the chromosomes.

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What is predictive genetic testing?

This test checks for genes that could lead to hereditary diseases or genetic conditions. Individuals with a family history of these diseases might consider this test.

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Give an example of predictive genetic testing.

Testing for the APOE gene variation associated with Alzheimer's disease is an example. This helps individuals understand their risk and make informed decisions about their health.

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What is carrier testing?

Carrier testing is used to check if a person carries a gene for a disease that could be passed on to their children.

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What is prenatal testing?

Prenatal testing is used to detect genetic disorders in an unborn baby.

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How does ultrasound relate to prenatal testing?

Ultrasound can detect some abnormalities in the fetus, but other tests like amniocentesis are needed for a confirmed diagnosis.

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Therapeutic Cloning

Creating copies of embryonic stem cells to repair damaged or diseased tissues in the human body.

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Stem Cells

Early embryonic or adult cells with the potential to develop into any type of body cell.

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Multipotent Stem Cells

Stem cells found in adult tissues that can only become a limited number of cell types.

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Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells found in embryonic tissue that can become almost any type of cell in the body.

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Reproductive Cloning

Creating a copy of an entire animal.

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Genetically Modified Animals

Animals with altered genes to produce desired traits, like specific proteins or disease resistance.

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Cloning for Medical Use

Using cloning to create animals producing medical substances like insulin or to provide organs for transplantation.

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Cloning for Endangered Species

Using cloning to restore populations of endangered or extinct species.

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Germ-line Gene Therapy

Correcting genetic abnormalities in sperm or egg cells.

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Infertility

Inability to conceive after 12 months of trying.

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In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

Fertilizing an egg with sperm outside the body and then implanting the embryo.

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Artificial Insemination

Injecting sperm directly into the vagina.

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Homologous Artificial Insemination

Using the male partner's sperm to fertilize the female partner's eggs.

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Heterologous Artificial Insemination

Using a donor's sperm to fertilize the female partner's eggs.

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Surrogacy

A woman carrying a baby for another couple.

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Gestational Surrogacy

A surrogate carries an embryo genetically unrelated to her.

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Xenotransplantation

The process of transplanting organs or tissues from animals to humans.

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Large-offspring syndrome

A condition affecting cloned animals, characterized by oversized offspring with health issues like enlarged organs and underdeveloped systems.

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Insulin-like growth factor 2 receptors

These receptors regulate cell growth, and their deactivation in cloned embryos can lead to oversized offspring.

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Ethical concerns in animal cloning

Animal rights groups object to animal cloning due to ethical concerns about animal welfare and potential harm to humans.

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Ethical concerns in human cloning

Questions surrounding human cloning's safety, morality, and impact on human individuality raise significant ethical concerns.

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Impact on mental development

The potential impact of cloning on human mental development is unknown and a source of concern.

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Unacceptable failure rate

The high failure rate of animal cloning poses a significant risk for human cloning, as it could result in unhealthy or non-viable offspring.

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Premature death in cloned animals

Cloned animals often die prematurely from infections and other complications, raising concerns about the safety of human cloning.

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Adoption Laws

All 50 US states have laws governing adoption, specifying the rights and responsibilities of adoptive parents and children.

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Parens Patriae

The legal principle that allows the state to act as a parent to protect children's best interests, potentially overriding parental decisions.

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Newborn Legal Rights

Newborns have the same legal rights as any American citizen. However, special provisions exist for treatment decisions for severely disabled infants.

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Withholding Treatment for Newborns

In certain cases, with parental consent, doctors can legally withhold treatment from infants who are chronically ill, facing imminent death, or would suffer inhumanely from treatment.

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Safe Haven Laws

All 50 states have laws allowing parents to safely surrender newborns at designated locations (like hospitals or fire stations) without legal prosecution.

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Abandonment of Infants

Leaving a newborn in unsafe places like dumpsters or roadsides due to fear or desperation, often resulting in increased safe haven laws.

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Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act

A federal law addressing child abuse and neglect, with provisions impacting adoptive parents and the child's welfare.

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Indian Child Welfare Act

Federal legislation addressing the rights of Native American children and their families, including provisions related to adoption.

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Study Notes

Chapter 11 Objectives

  • Discuss family history as a predictor of disease risk.
  • Identify appropriate uses for DNA testing and explain how such tests may lead to genetic discrimination.
  • Define genetic engineering and explain why cloning and stem cell research are controversial issues.
  • Explain three possible remedies for couples experiencing infertility problems.
  • List laws affecting healthcare that pertain especially to children's rights.

Vocabulary

  • Heredity: The process by which genetic traits are passed from one generation to the next.
  • Genetics: The science that accounts for differences and similarities among people and other organisms related by descent.
  • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): The molecule that makes up chromosomes and contains the genetic code.

Figure 11.1

  • Cell nucleus containing 23 pairs of chromosomes.
  • Chromosomes composed of DNA strands.
  • DNA strands contain genes.
  • Genes are composed of bases.

DNA

  • The relationship between inherited DNA, ancestral history, and diseases is scientifically proven.
  • Family history is a significant risk factor for common diseases like cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, autoimmune disorders, and mental illnesses.
  • Besides inherited genes, cultural and socioeconomic factors affect health risks.

DNA Continued

  • Humans have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs), with half inherited from each parent.
  • Chromosomes carry genes that dictate characteristics such as eye color, height, and intelligence.
  • Genes are segments of DNA that hold the instructions for making specific proteins and enzymes.
  • The entire human genome contains the complete set of genetic information for creating a human being.

The Human Genome

  • The Human Genome Project, initiated in 1990, mapped the entire human genome.
  • The project was completed in 2000, with a surprising result of approximately 20,000 to 25,000 genes.

Testing DNA

  • Predictive testing: Identifies genes associated with hereditary diseases to prepare for potential health challenges.
  • Carrier testing: Determines if individuals carry harmful genes that could be passed on to offspring.

More Testing

  • Prenatal testing: Uses methods like ultrasound, amniocentesis, and chorionic villus sampling to identify genetic disorders in the developing fetus.
  • Preimplantation testing: Examines embryos for harmful genes before implantation in the uterus.

And More Testing

  • Forensic testing: Uses DNA to identify suspects, victims, or trace lineages in legal contexts.
  • Newborn screening: Detects treatable genetic conditions in newborns.
  • Diagnostic testing: Uses DNA to confirm or rule out genetic diseases for accurate diagnosis.
  • Medical treatment determination: Evaluates how medications are processed based on individual genetic variations to determine dosage and effectiveness.

Genetic Disease

  • Genetic diseases result from permanent changes in DNA, called mutations.
  • Mutations can affect a single gene or multiple genes with potential environmental triggers.
  • Certain diseases, such as Down syndrome, can result from abnormalities in chromosome structure or number.

Genetic Discrimination

  • Increased genetic testing raises concerns about misuse of genetic information leading to potential discrimination in the workplace and insurance coverage.
  • The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) prohibits discrimination based on genetic information at the federal level.
  • HIPAA protects genetic information in health insurance.

Genetic Engineering

  • Genetic engineering involves transferring genes between different species to create new traits and characteristics.
  • Examples include disease-resistant crops, enhanced nutritional content, and bacteria that can clean up environmental pollution.

Clone

  • Cloning describes processes used to create exact genetic copies of a cell, tissue, or organism.
  • Three types:
    • Gene cloning: Creates copies of DNA segments.
    • Therapeutic cloning: Produces embryonic stem cells for repairing damaged tissues.
    • Reproductive cloning: Creates copies of entire animals.

Clone Continued

  • Reproductive cloning has produced copies of various animals like sheep, cattle, and pigs.
  • Cloning animals has faced ethical challenges regarding the process for creating healthy offspring compared to the high mortality rate.

Exceptions to the Rule

  • Cloning animals is pursued for breeding strains that produce medicines or to create animal tissues/organs.
  • Often done for transplantation or similar purposes, but there are ethical considerations relating to the use of animals in research and transplantation.

Clone Continued

  • Animal cloning success rates are low, and cloned animals often suffer developmental and health problems.
  • Ethical questions surrounding human cloning arise because of ethical and practical challenges in the process of creating viable offspring.

Ethical Concerns

  • Cloning raises ethical questions about the potential for trial and error, family dynamics, and unequal access to the procedure.
  • Legal restrictions exist on human cloning, but federal legislation has not been passed.

Gene Therapy

  • Gene therapy inserts a functional gene into cells with a malfunctioning gene that causes disease.
  • Techniques may involve replacing deficient genes or blocking overactive pathways. Gene therapy is used to treat genetic diseases in cases of special diets and vitamins to correct biochemistry or pathways.

Gene Therapy Continued

  • Genetic therapy with normal gene copies is used as somatic therapy (correcting an abnormality but not germ cells).
  • Involves the correction of an abnormality of a gene within sperm or egg cells is called germ-line therapy. Ethical concerns arise regarding the procedure, the cost associated, and lack of research in humans.

Infertility

  • Infertility affects approximately 10 to 15 percent of reproductive-age couples.
  • Common infertility treatments include in vitro fertilization, artificial insemination, and surrogacy.

Surrogate/Adoption

  • A surrogate mother carries a child to term for another couple, often for a fee in exchange for a sum of money. Two categories of surrogacy include traditional and gestational.
  • Adoption is another option for couples who want to adopt a child in some circumstances.

Children's Rights

  • Common law allows parents to decide on their minor child's health care.
  • The doctrine of parens patriae grants the state wide authority to act in the best interest of the child and sometimes override the parental decisions.

Abandonment

  • 'Safe haven' laws allow the abandonment of a newborn at a designated location within a specific time frame, without legal prosecution.
  • Often done because of various circumstances such as fear or desperation.

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Description

This quiz covers Chapter 11, focusing on the role of family history in disease risk, the implications of DNA testing, and the controversies surrounding genetic engineering. It also addresses infertility solutions and children's healthcare rights. Test your knowledge on these critical topics in genetics and healthcare.

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