Genetics and DNA Sequences Quiz

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

• Describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein.
• Fundamental framework for understanding gene expression and regulation.

Beadle and Tatum's One Gene, One Enzyme Hypothesis

• Suggests that each gene encodes a specific enzyme, which in turn affects a particular biochemical pathway.
• Pioneered genetic research by linking genes to metabolic functions, essential for biochemistry.

Human Chromosome Count

• Human cells typically have 46 chromosomes, organized into 23 pairs.
• Essential for understanding inheritance, variation, and genetic disorders.

Alleles Representation

• Alleles are different versions of a gene that arise from mutations.
• Contribute to genetic diversity within a population, influencing traits.

Mendel's Self-Fertilization Ratio

• In Mendel's experiments, a typical ratio of 3:1 was observed in the second generation.
• Indicates dominant and recessive traits within inheritance patterns.

Contribution of the Human Genome Project

• Mapped the entire human genome, identifying all human genes and their functions.
• Impacts research in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology by enhancing understanding of genetic disorders.

Term for Heredity Study

• William Bateson coined the term "genetics" in 1906.
• Established a foundation for the scientific study of heredity and variation of traits.

Human Genome Chromosome Pairs

• The human genome is made up of 23 chromosome pairs.
• Critical for genetic analysis and understanding human biology.

Griffith's Experiment in 1928

• Demonstrated bacterial transformation through his experiment with Streptococcus pneumoniae.
• Showed that DNA could transfer genetic traits between bacteria.

Complementary Strands Model of DNA

• Proposed by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953.
• Highlights the antiparallel structure of DNA and the base pairing rules.

Hershey and Chase Experiment of 1952

• Confirmed that DNA is the genetic material of viruses by using radioactive isotopes.
• Provided strong evidence against the protein hypothesis of genetic material.

One Gene Control According to Beadle and Tatum

• According to the hypothesis, one gene controls the production of a single enzyme.
• Basis for molecular genetics, underscoring the link between genotype and phenotype.

Theory of Epigenesis

• Proposed by Aristotle in the 1600s, advocating that development results from gradual differentiation.
• Challenged pre-formation theories of the time.

Theory of Preformation

• Associated with scientists like Hartsoeker, who believed that organisms develop from miniature versions of themselves.
• A historically significant concept leading to modern developmental biology.

Term 'Eugenics'

• Coined by Francis Galton in 1883.
• Incorporated ideas of selective breeding and population control in humans.

Geneticist Contribution to Development of Genetics

• Gregor Mendel is known for establishing foundational principles of heredity.
• His work inspired the field of genetics and influenced future research.

Area of Genetics on DNA Structure and Function

• Molecular genetics focuses on topics such as DNA structure, transcription, and translation.
• Key for understanding gene regulation and expression mechanisms.

Proposer of One Gene, One Enzyme Hypothesis

• Proposed by George Beadle and Edward Tatum based on their experiments with Neurospora crassa.
• Laid the groundwork for modern genetic theory and biochemical genetics.