Genetics and Chromosomal Abnormalities
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Questions and Answers

What is the result of an XY chromosome from the man and an XX chromosome from the woman?

  • XXY, the child will have Klinefelter syndrome
  • XX, the child will be a girl
  • XY, the child will be a boy (correct)
  • XYY, the child will have an extra Y chromosome

    • Aneuploidy is a type of genetic disorder characterized by having exactly 46 chromosomes.

    False

    What genetic disorder is caused by having an extra chromosome (Trisomy)?

    Down syndrome

    Girls with Turner syndrome typically experience ______ growth.

    <p>stunted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following prenatal development stages with their characteristics:

    <p>Germinal Period = Begins after conception, lasts for about 2 weeks Embryonic Period = Organogenesis occurs, lasts from week 3 to week 8 Foetal Period = Final stage of development leading to birth, after week 8 Mitosis = Cell division that occurs in somatic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage do major organs begin to form in prenatal development?

    <p>Embryonic Period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Meiosis maintains the diploid number of chromosomes in body cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many total weeks does the prenatal development stage last before birth?

    <p>266 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes does the lower brain NOT primarily regulate?

    <p>Complex reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By the end of week 8, the embryo has started to look more human.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the period from week 9 until birth?

    <p>foetal stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Teratogenic factors are responsible for ___ development during the prenatal stage.

    <p>abnormal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following weeks with their developmental features:

    <p>Week 7 = Fingers develop Week 8 = Human appearance begins Week 9 = Start of foetal stage Third Trimester = Rapid weight gain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which teratogenic factor is cited as a major contributor to harmful effects?

    <p>Drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of environmental determinants that influence behavior?

    <p>Physical and socio-cultural determinants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most babies born before the end of the second trimester have a high chance of survival.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one category of drugs mentioned that can have teratogenic effects.

    <p>streptomycin or tetracycline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A stimulating environment can help in the development of an individual's personality.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to an individual who is deprived of basic needs for growth and social development?

    <p>Their behavior may be limited and they may develop maladjusted behavior patterns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term ________ refers to heredity or genes passed from parents to child.

    <p>Nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following environmental influences with their effects:

    <p>Deprived environment = Obstacling growth and maladjusted behavior Stimulating environment = Promoting growth and personality development Socio-cultural determinants = Influencing behavior through social interactions Physical determinants = Affecting behavior through basic needs like food and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a socio-cultural determinant?

    <p>Climate factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Encouragement and motivation in the environment can lead to desirable behavior changes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is socialization?

    <p>A process that brings desirable changes in individual behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the foremost concern of elderly people during this stage?

    <p>Sense of failing body and need for care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Elderly people generally have an increased fear of death during this stage.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What spiritual concern do elderly people develop as they approach the end of life?

    <p>Closeness to loved dead ones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Elderly individuals transcend beyond ______ concerns during this stage of life.

    <p>materialistic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Material concerns = Focus on possessions and wealth Spiritual concerns = Focus on the soul and existential matters Fear of death = Anxiety towards end of life Closeness to the deceased = Emotional connection with lost loved ones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of the first stage of Erikson's psychosocial theory?

    <p>Trust vs. Mistrust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A caregiver's failure to provide adequate affection can lead to a sense of trust in a child.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What age range does the 'Trust vs. Mistrust' stage cover?

    <p>Birth to 18 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If children are overly controlled or criticized, they may begin to feel ashamed of their autonomy and doubt their __________.

    <p>abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the psychosocial stages with their focuses:

    <p>Trust vs. Mistrust = Developing trust in caregivers Autonomy vs. Shame &amp; Doubt = Developing personal control Integrity vs. Despair = Reflection on life Identity vs. Role Confusion = Establishing a sense of self</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which outcome results from a child feeling a sense of mistrust?

    <p>Insecurity and apprehension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Encouragement and support in independence help children feel confident according to Erikson's theory.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What psychological effect does mistrust have on a child's perception of the world?

    <p>The child views the world as inconsistent and unpredictable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Sex Chromosomes

    • If an XY chromosome from the male parent and an XX chromosome from the female parent combine, the result is a male child

    Aneuploidy

    • Aneuploidy is a genetic disorder characterized by an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell.
    • A normal human cell has 46 chromosomes.
    • Trisomy, an extra chromosome copy, results in 47 chromosomes. Trisomy is the cause of Down Syndrome.
    • Down Syndrome results in developmental delays, learning disabilities, distinct facial characteristics, and intellectual disability.
    • Monosomy, a missing chromosome copy, results in 45 chromosomes.
    • Monosomy causes Turner Syndrome, a condition that only affects females.
    • Females with Turner Syndrome usually have stunted growth and delayed sexual maturity, including a later onset of menstruation.

    Cell Division

    • Two forms of cell division occur after conception: Meiosis and Mitosis.
    • Meiosis occurs in sex cells (gametes) and ensures that the haploid number of chromosomes (23) is maintained in these cells.
    • Mitosis occurs in somatic (body) cells and ensures that the diploid number of chromosomes (46) is maintained in these cells.

    Stages of Prenatal Development

    • The baby is not born immediately after conception.
    • It takes approximately 266 days (9 months) for a baby to be born.
    • The baby passes through three stages during pregnancy: Germinal Period, Embryonic Period, and Fetal Period.

    Germinal Period

    • The Germinal Period starts immediately after conception and lasts for about two weeks.
    • Mitosis takes place during this period.
    • This period is incredibly sensitive and requires utmost care.

    Embryonic Period

    • The Embryonic Period is the second stage of prenatal development, lasting from week three to week eight.
    • Organogenesis, the process of major organ development, occurs during this stage.
    • Within 28 days following conception, a tiny heart, eyes, and lungs develop and begin functioning.
    • By the fifth week, ears, mouth, and throat start to form.
    • Legs and arms also begin to sprout.
    • By week six, the brain begins to differentiate into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.
    • The lower brain develops earlier than other parts because it is responsible for survival processes such as digestion, respiration, waste expulsion, sleep control, and simple motor activities.
    • By week seven, fingers develop from hands, primitive facial features emerge, and sexual differentiation begins.
    • By the end of week eight, testes and ovaries are evident, the embryo begins to straighten, and assumes a more recognizable human appearance.
    • Because the embryonic period is the time when body parts are formed, it is a critical period during pregnancy.
    • Pregnant women should ensure that optimal prenatal care is provided to the developing embryo to prevent complications.

    Fetal Period

    • This period begins in week nine after conception and continues until birth.
    • The number of neurons increases in the developing fetus.
    • During the fourth, fifth, and sixth months of pregnancy, the fetus' sensory organs begin to function, and the fetus develops the ability to respond to loud noise and bright light.
    • Babies born slightly before the end of the second trimester may be able to survive outside the uterus, but research shows that most do not survive.
    • During the third trimester (seventh, eighth, and ninth months), rapid weight gain occurs in the fetus.
    • Further brain development also happens during this time.

    Factors That Can Lead to Abnormal Development

    • Physical and social factors that influence fetal development are collectively called Teratogenic factors.
    • Teratogenic factors can cause abnormal fetal development during pregnancy.
    • Pregnant women should take precautions to protect the fetus during this stage.

    Teratogenic Factors

    • Drugs: This category represents a significant contributor to harmful Teratogenic effects, including both illegal drugs and some medically prescribed drugs.
      • Antibiotics such as streptomycin and tetracycline have been found to have Teratogenic effects on the embryo.

    Postnatal Stage: Nature Versus Nurture

    • Socialization is a process that brings desirable changes in an individual's behavior, converting them to a humanistic social nature, enabling them to adjust to the environment.
    • Environmental determinants are crucial in shaping and molding an individual's behavior.
    • Individuals lacking adequate facilities to satisfy their basic needs for growth and social development may be deprived and have limited behavior.
    • Individuals provided with a stimulating environment with encouragement, incentives, motivation, and social opportunities for satisfying their basic needs and growth will behave differently.
    • A deprived environment poses an obstacle to an individual's development.
    • The denial of basic needs in the environment can lead to maladjustment and abnormal behavior patterns.
    • A stimulating environment provides the potential for balanced growth and development of an individual's personality and behavior.
    • A stimulating environment allows individuals to adopt appropriate behavior patterns in society.
    • Nature represents heredity, or genes, carried from parents to children during conception, which have an influence on the individual's behavior.

    Psychosocial Theory (Erik Erikson)

    Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust (Birth to 18 Months)

    • Birth is one of the first traumas a human experiences, and infants use the caregiver as their barometer for the environment.
    • Failure to create positive bonds between infants and primary caregivers leads to mistrust.
    • Mistrust further leads to isolation, withdrawal, and a negative attitude about life.
    • Trust: If the caregiver is reliable, consistent, and provides good nurturing, the child develops a sense of trust, believing that the world is safe and that people are dependable and affectionate.
    • This sense of trust allows the child to feel secure even when threatened and extends into other relationships, maintaining their sense of security amid potential threats.
    • Mistrust: If the caregiver fails to provide consistent, adequate care and affection, the child may develop a sense of mistrust and insecurity.
    • This leads to a belief in an inconsistent and unpredictable world, fostering mistrust, suspicion, and anxiety.
    • Under such circumstances, the child may lack confidence in their ability to influence events and view the world with apprehension.

    Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (18 Months to Three Years)

    • This is the second stage in Erikson's theory, where children focus on developing a greater sense of personal control over their physical skills and a sense of independence.
    • Autonomy: If children are encouraged to do what they are able to do independently and at their own pace, with judicious supervision from parents and caregivers, they develop a sense of autonomy. They become more confident and secure in their ability to survive in the world.
    • Shame and Doubt: On the other hand, if children are overly controlled or criticized, they may begin to feel ashamed of their autonomy and doubt their abilities.

    Late Adulthood

    • During the late adulthood stage, elderly people move beyond materialistic concerns and transcend to spiritual requirements of the soul and their declining health.
    • Elderly people’s foremost concern is about a sense of failing body and need for care.
    • They experience closeness of their soul to the loved dead ones.
    • They have decreased fear of death and look forward to it.

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    Notes for Unit 2 - Human Growth and Development PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores key concepts in genetics, including sex chromosomes, aneuploidy, and cell division. Learn about how chromosome combinations can affect offspring and the implications of conditions like Down Syndrome and Turner Syndrome. Test your knowledge on these crucial topics in human biology.

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