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Questions and Answers
What is the approximate speed of DNA replication in humans at a single replication fork?
What is the approximate speed of DNA replication in humans at a single replication fork?
- 200 nucleotides per second
- 100 nucleotides per second
- 1000 nucleotides per second
- 50 nucleotides per second (correct)
Why can the human genome be copied in only a few hours?
Why can the human genome be copied in only a few hours?
- It uses a different type of DNA polymerase
- There are fewer bases to replicate
- Multiple replication forks initiate simultaneously (correct)
- The speed of nucleotides addition is faster in humans than bacteria
What problem is encountered at the end of the lagging strand during DNA replication?
What problem is encountered at the end of the lagging strand during DNA replication?
- DNA polymerase cannot seal the gap after the primer is removed (correct)
- DNA polymerase cannot initiate replication
- The DNA strands become entangled
- RNA primers are too long to remove
How does the speed of DNA replication in bacteria compare to that in humans?
How does the speed of DNA replication in bacteria compare to that in humans?
What is the process that occurs when DNA polymerase reaches the end of the strand during replication?
What is the process that occurs when DNA polymerase reaches the end of the strand during replication?
What is the term for having two identical alleles for a particular trait?
What is the term for having two identical alleles for a particular trait?
Which blood type is characterized by having both A and B antigens?
Which blood type is characterized by having both A and B antigens?
If an individual has a genotype of AO, what blood type phenotype will they express?
If an individual has a genotype of AO, what blood type phenotype will they express?
What is the antibody present in the plasma of Type B blood?
What is the antibody present in the plasma of Type B blood?
In the ABO blood group system, which type is considered recessive?
In the ABO blood group system, which type is considered recessive?
What does the genotype BB represent?
What does the genotype BB represent?
Which of the following statements about autosomal traits is true?
Which of the following statements about autosomal traits is true?
Which genotype corresponds to a person with Type O blood?
Which genotype corresponds to a person with Type O blood?
What defines a heterozygous genotype?
What defines a heterozygous genotype?
What role does the tRNA play during translation?
What role does the tRNA play during translation?
What type of inheritance is represented by the AB blood type?
What type of inheritance is represented by the AB blood type?
Which part of the ribosome is involved in the elongation of the polypeptide chain?
Which part of the ribosome is involved in the elongation of the polypeptide chain?
What is the primary function of messenger RNA (mRNA)?
What is the primary function of messenger RNA (mRNA)?
What happens when a stop codon reaches the A site during translation?
What happens when a stop codon reaches the A site during translation?
How many nucleotides are needed to specify one amino acid?
How many nucleotides are needed to specify one amino acid?
What does the start codon in mRNA signify?
What does the start codon in mRNA signify?
Which region of tRNA is responsible for recognizing the codon of mRNA?
Which region of tRNA is responsible for recognizing the codon of mRNA?
What is the primary function of rRNA in protein synthesis?
What is the primary function of rRNA in protein synthesis?
What is the role of the anticodon in tRNA?
What is the role of the anticodon in tRNA?
What key structure is formed by ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins?
What key structure is formed by ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins?
What is the role of the amino acid-bearing region of tRNA?
What is the role of the amino acid-bearing region of tRNA?
During translation, where does the first tRNA molecule detach from its amino acid?
During translation, where does the first tRNA molecule detach from its amino acid?
Who first observed chromosomes in tumor cells?
Who first observed chromosomes in tumor cells?
Which model of DNA replication is confirmed by the Meselson-Stahl experiment?
Which model of DNA replication is confirmed by the Meselson-Stahl experiment?
What is the approximate length of tRNA?
What is the approximate length of tRNA?
Which of the following codons are considered stop codons in mRNA?
Which of the following codons are considered stop codons in mRNA?
What is the role of the five prime untranslated region (5’UTR) in a DNA transcription unit?
What is the role of the five prime untranslated region (5’UTR) in a DNA transcription unit?
In which direction is DNA read during transcription?
In which direction is DNA read during transcription?
Which sequence is known as the core promoter commonly associated with transcription initiation?
Which sequence is known as the core promoter commonly associated with transcription initiation?
What is the function of the TATA Binding Protein (TBP) in transcription?
What is the function of the TATA Binding Protein (TBP) in transcription?
Which strand of DNA is used as the template during transcription?
Which strand of DNA is used as the template during transcription?
What does the three prime untranslated region (3’UTR) represent in a transcription unit?
What does the three prime untranslated region (3’UTR) represent in a transcription unit?
How does RNA polymerase interact with core promoters during transcription?
How does RNA polymerase interact with core promoters during transcription?
Which of the following statements about the coding sequence is NOT correct?
Which of the following statements about the coding sequence is NOT correct?
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Study Notes
Genetics and Blood Types
- Offspring can display genotypes such as homozygous (same alleles) or heterozygous (different alleles).
- Dominant gene for attached earlobes leads to phenotypes depending on the combination of alleles.
- Blood type is determined by antigens present on red blood cells and antibodies in plasma.
- Blood group classifications: Group A (A antigen, Anti-B antibodies), Group B (B antigen, Anti-A antibodies), Group AB (A and B antigens, no antibodies), Group O (no antigens, Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies).
- Blood group inheritance:
- O is recessive while A and B are dominant; AB shows co-dominance.
- Genotypes like AO or AA result in Type A; BO or BB result in Type B; OO results in Type O; AB results in Type AB.
Inheritance Concepts
- Autosomal genes are located on non-sex chromosomes and can lead to autosomal traits or conditions, impacting both genders equally.
RNA Translation Mechanisms
- Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries genetic code from the nucleus to ribosomes for protein synthesis.
- mRNA consists of codons, includes start codon (AUG) and stop codons (UAA, UAG, UGA).
- Transfer RNA (tRNA) brings amino acids to ribosomes; features include:
- Anticodon for mRNA matching.
- Amino acid-bearing region at the 3’ end.
- Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) combines with proteins to form ribosomes, synthesized in the nucleolus.
DNA Replication
- Semiconservative model of DNA replication: each daughter molecule consists of one original and one new strand.
- Speed of replication in humans is approximately 50 nucleotides/second at each fork; in bacteria, it's higher at about 1000 nucleotides/second.
- Termination occurs when DNA Polymerase reaches the end of the template; challenges arise during the lagging strand's completion.
DNA Transcription
- Transcription creates RNA copies from DNA templates, involving regulatory sequences influencing protein synthesis.
- Core promoters, like the TATA box, assist in RNA polymerase binding for transcription initiation.
- Only one DNA strand serves as a template, while complementary RNA is synthesized 5’-3’.
Protein Synthesis
- During translation, ribosomes utilize mRNA and tRNA to build proteins through peptide bond formation.
- The process involves A and P sites on ribosomes for elongation of polypeptide chains, continuing until a stop codon is reached.
- Finished polypeptide is released for folding into a functional protein; rRNA can be reused in further translations.
Chromosomes
- First identified by Walther Fleming in 1882 within tumor cells, establishing the link between chromosomes and genetics.
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