BIOL 1140: Inheritance of Blood Types
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary reason Type O blood is considered the 'universal donor'?

  • It has no antigens, preventing cross-reaction. (correct)
  • It can react with any blood type.
  • It contains both anti-A and anti-B antibodies.
  • It has both A and B antigens.

How many possible blood type phenotypes are there given the ABO blood system?

  • 6
  • 4 (correct)
  • 2
  • 3

In a cross between two heterozygous individuals for Type A blood, what is the genotypic ratio of their offspring?

  • 1:2:1 (correct)
  • 1:1
  • 3:1
  • 2:2

What inheritance pattern is demonstrated by the expression of both A and B antigens in AB blood type?

<p>Codominance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If Patience (heterozygous Type A) and Justice (heterozygous Type B) have a child, what is the chance that the child will have Type O blood?

<p>25% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the possible genotype for a person with Type B blood?

<p>IBIB (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the notation 'i' represent in the context of ABO blood genetics?

<p>A recessive allele (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the blood antigens present in a type A individual?

<p>A antigens only (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the commonality percentage of Rh+ blood type in the US?

<p>84% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sex chromosomes do males possess?

<p>XY (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines biological sex at conception?

<p>The sperm from the male (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chromosome has a larger number of genes, X or Y?

<p>X chromosome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a dihybrid cross involving ABO and Rh antigens, what is the expected ratio for obtaining a child with a specific combination of blood types?

<p>9:3:3:1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of inheritance pattern is defined by genes located on the X chromosome?

<p>X-linked (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between biological sex and gender?

<p>Biological sex is based on genetics, while gender is a social construct. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of X-linked recessive traits?

<p>They are more often expressed in males due to the presence of one X chromosome. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What genetic notation represents a female who is a carrier of an X-linked recessive trait?

<p>XHXh (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are X-linked recessive traits more commonly expressed in males compared to females?

<p>Males lack a backup X chromosome. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following disorders is NOT classified as an X-linked recessive disorder?

<p>Cystic Fibrosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a father has an X-linked recessive trait and has a daughter with a mother who is homozygous for normal traits, what is the probability that their daughter will express the trait?

<p>0% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely consequence of an allele being hemizygous in males?

<p>Direct expression of the trait regardless of allele type. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the notations XHY and XhY indicate for a male's genotype?

<p>Hemizygous for a dominant/recessive trait. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of X-linked inheritance, which statement accurately describes factors affecting the expression of traits in females?

<p>Females only express traits if both alleles on their Xs are recessive. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy primarily affect individuals who carry the gene?

<p>It causes progressive muscle wasting. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Rh Factor

Antigen on red blood cells (RBCs). Rh+ (having the antigen) is dominant over Rh- (lacking the antigen).

Rh+ Allele

The gene variant that codes for the Rh antigen on red blood cells.

Sex Determination

Biological sex is determined by the sex chromosome from the sperm (father).

Sex Chromosomes

X and Y chromosomes in humans that determine sex; X much larger than Y.

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X-linked trait

Gene located on the X chromosome, often recessive.

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Sex-Linked Traits

Genetic traits passed on through the sex chromosomes (X or Y).

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Punnett Square

A diagram used to predict the possible genotypes of offspring.

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Biological Sex vs. Gender

Biological sex is determined by chromosomes, gender is a social construct.

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Codominance in blood types

Both alleles are dominant, so both phenotypes (e.g., blood type) are expressed completely. Neither allele is recessive.

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ABO blood types

A system for classifying blood types based on the presence or absence of antigens (A, B) on red blood cells and corresponding antibodies in the plasma.

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Universal donor

Blood type O is the universal donor because its red blood cells have no A or B antigens, and therefore will not react with the antibodies of other blood types.

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Universal recipient

Blood type AB is the universal recipient because its plasma has no antibodies, and therefore will not react with antigens from other blood types.

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Multiple alleles

More than two forms of alleles for a trait. In the ABO system, there are three (IA, IB, i).

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Type A blood genotype

Having either IAIA or IAi alleles creates blood type A.

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Blood type O

Blood type O is the result of the genotype ii, carrying two recessive i alleles.

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Codominance in ABO

The IA and IB alleles are codominant, meaning both are expressed equally if present together in a heterozygote (IAIB) which results in a type AB blood.

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X-linked recessive inheritance in females

Females can be heterozygous or homozygous for X-linked traits because they have two X chromosomes. A heterozygous female will carry the recessive trait but often not express it. Expression requires presence of the recessive allele on both X chromosomes.

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X-linked recessive inheritance in males

Males only have one X chromosome, making them hemizygous. The trait expressed will depend on the allele on the single X chromosome.

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Heterozygous female for X-linked trait

A female carrying one normal X chromosome and one affected X chromosome. She effectively carries but is not usually affected by the trait.

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Homozygous recessive female for X-linked trait

A female with both X chromosomes affected by the recessive trait. She will express the trait.

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Hemizygous male for X-linked trait

A male with only one X chromosome, for a given X-linked trait, he will express whatever allele is present for X-linked traits.

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X-linked recessive disorder in males

Disorders caused by a mutation in a gene on the X. Males express the disorder more often due to having only one X-chromosome.

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Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)

X-linked recessive disorder leading to muscle wasting and weakening. Causes breathing problems and often death.

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Red-Green colorblindness

X-linked recessive disorder affecting cone receptors used for color vision.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Inheritance

  • Course name: BIOL 1140
  • Course topic: Inheritance of Blood Types & Sex-linked Traits
  • Instructor: Susan Cordova (Tappen)

Codominance

  • Both alleles are dominant, resulting in both phenotypes being expressed equally.
  • No recessive alleles; use superscripts instead of lowercase letters.
  • Example: Roan cattle
    • CBCB = Brown
    • CWCW = White
    • CBCW = Roan

ABO Blood Types - General Information

  • RBCs vs plasma:
    • RBCs (red blood cells) have antigens (A, B, both A&B, or none) on their surface.
    • Plasma contains antibodies (anti-A, anti-B, both, or none).
  • Most blood donations are of only RBCs.

ABO Blood Types - General Info (Continued)

  • If donated RBC antigens react with the patient's plasma antibodies, agglutination (clumping) and hemolysis (rupture) can occur.
  • Type O blood is the universal donor.
  • Type AB blood is the universal recipient.

ABO Blood Types - Genetics

  • Multiple alleles:
    • Three possible alleles: IA, IB, i
    • Six possible genotypes: IAIA, IAi, IBIB, IBi, IAIB, ii.
    • Four phenotypes: Type A, B, AB, or O blood.
  • Codominance: Both A and B antigens are expressed on heterozygotes.
  • Recessive/Dominant inheritance: IA and IB alleles are dominant; the i allele is recessive.

Blood Type & Multiple Allele Practice

  • Hermione and Ron are heterozygous for Type A blood.
  • Genotypic and phenotypic ratios are given in a Punnett square.

Blood Type & Multiple Allele Practice - Your Turn

  • Patience (Type A heterozygous) and Justice (Type B heterozygous) are parents.
  • Calculate the chance their child will have Type O blood.

What about Rh+ and Rh-?

  • Rh is another RBC antigen (Rh for Rhesus monkeys).
  • Rh+ allele is dominant over Rh-.
  • Approximately 84% of the US population is Rh+.
  • A dihybrid cross is possible with ABO and Rh antigens.

How is Biological Sex Determined?

  • Males are XY.
  • Females are XX.
  • Egg is X or X.
  • Sperm is X or Y.
  • Biological sex is determined by the sperm (male).

How is Biological Sex Determined? (Continued)

  • Punnett square with XX & XY
  • 50% chance of male or female with every birth.
  • Biological sex is different from gender.
  • Gender is a social construct.

Sex-Linked Inheritance

  • Sex-linked traits are genes on either the X or Y chromosome.
  • X-linked traits are much more common and can be recessive or dominant.
  • The Y chromosome has approximately 78 genes. The X chromosome has approximately 2,000 genes.
  • Blood clotting proteins, muscle proteins, and vision proteins are examples of genes found on the X chromosome.

X-Linked Recessive Inheritance in Females

  • Notation: Use X and Y letters for the base letters.
  • Females can be heterozygous or homozygous.
  • Homozygous dominant (XHXH or XX).
  • Heterozygous (XHXh or XX*).
  • Homozygous recessive (XhXh or XX).
  • Females that are heterozygous are carriers.
  • Will only express the trait if both alleles are affected.

X-Linked Recessive Inheritance in Males

  • Males can only be hemizygous for X-linked traits (only one X chromosome).
  • Example: Xhy or Xhy (or X*y or Xy).
  • Males will express the trait regardless of whether it is dominant or recessive.

Examples of X-linked Recessive Disorders/Diseases

  • Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD):
    • Mutation in the DMD gene that codes for dystrophin.
    • Severe, progressive muscle wasting disease beginning in the lower limbs.
    • Death is due to effect on muscles for breathing.
  • Red-Green colorblindness:
    • Affects one of three types of cone receptors.
  • Hemophilia A:
    • Mutation in the gene for "Factor VIII."
    • Blood clotting protein.
    • Spontaneous internal bleeding.

X-Linked Practice

  • Susan is homozygous for normal color vision. Juan is colorblind.
  • Calculate the genotypic/phenotypic ratios for their offspring.
  • Calculate the chances of their daughter/son being colorblind.

X-Linked Practice (Continued)

  • If the daughter (who is a carrier) has a son with someone who is not colorblind, what is the chance their son will be colorblind?
  • What if they have a daughter instead?

Pedigrees

  • Used to visually track inheritance through generations.
  • Useful for backing up inheritance from children to grandparents.
  • Symbols are used to represent individuals and their relationships.

X-Linked Practice with Pedigree

  • John has hemophilia. Neither parent has symptoms.
  • From whom did he inherit the disease?

X-Linked Practice with Pedigree (Continued)

  • Three children; son has DMD. Other two daughters do not.
  • Determine the genotypes and phenotypes of the parents.

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Description

This quiz covers the principles of inheritance related to blood types and sex-linked traits, focusing on codominance and the ABO blood group system. Understanding the interactions between RBC antigens and plasma antibodies is crucial for blood transfusions and genetics knowledge.

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