Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary reason Type O blood is considered the 'universal donor'?
What is the primary reason Type O blood is considered the 'universal donor'?
- It has no antigens, preventing cross-reaction. (correct)
- It can react with any blood type.
- It contains both anti-A and anti-B antibodies.
- It has both A and B antigens.
How many possible blood type phenotypes are there given the ABO blood system?
How many possible blood type phenotypes are there given the ABO blood system?
- 6
- 4 (correct)
- 2
- 3
In a cross between two heterozygous individuals for Type A blood, what is the genotypic ratio of their offspring?
In a cross between two heterozygous individuals for Type A blood, what is the genotypic ratio of their offspring?
- 1:2:1 (correct)
- 1:1
- 3:1
- 2:2
What inheritance pattern is demonstrated by the expression of both A and B antigens in AB blood type?
What inheritance pattern is demonstrated by the expression of both A and B antigens in AB blood type?
If Patience (heterozygous Type A) and Justice (heterozygous Type B) have a child, what is the chance that the child will have Type O blood?
If Patience (heterozygous Type A) and Justice (heterozygous Type B) have a child, what is the chance that the child will have Type O blood?
What is the possible genotype for a person with Type B blood?
What is the possible genotype for a person with Type B blood?
What does the notation 'i' represent in the context of ABO blood genetics?
What does the notation 'i' represent in the context of ABO blood genetics?
Which of the following best describes the blood antigens present in a type A individual?
Which of the following best describes the blood antigens present in a type A individual?
What is the commonality percentage of Rh+ blood type in the US?
What is the commonality percentage of Rh+ blood type in the US?
Which sex chromosomes do males possess?
Which sex chromosomes do males possess?
What determines biological sex at conception?
What determines biological sex at conception?
Which chromosome has a larger number of genes, X or Y?
Which chromosome has a larger number of genes, X or Y?
In a dihybrid cross involving ABO and Rh antigens, what is the expected ratio for obtaining a child with a specific combination of blood types?
In a dihybrid cross involving ABO and Rh antigens, what is the expected ratio for obtaining a child with a specific combination of blood types?
What kind of inheritance pattern is defined by genes located on the X chromosome?
What kind of inheritance pattern is defined by genes located on the X chromosome?
What is the primary difference between biological sex and gender?
What is the primary difference between biological sex and gender?
What is a characteristic of X-linked recessive traits?
What is a characteristic of X-linked recessive traits?
What genetic notation represents a female who is a carrier of an X-linked recessive trait?
What genetic notation represents a female who is a carrier of an X-linked recessive trait?
Why are X-linked recessive traits more commonly expressed in males compared to females?
Why are X-linked recessive traits more commonly expressed in males compared to females?
Which of the following disorders is NOT classified as an X-linked recessive disorder?
Which of the following disorders is NOT classified as an X-linked recessive disorder?
If a father has an X-linked recessive trait and has a daughter with a mother who is homozygous for normal traits, what is the probability that their daughter will express the trait?
If a father has an X-linked recessive trait and has a daughter with a mother who is homozygous for normal traits, what is the probability that their daughter will express the trait?
What is the likely consequence of an allele being hemizygous in males?
What is the likely consequence of an allele being hemizygous in males?
What do the notations XHY and XhY indicate for a male's genotype?
What do the notations XHY and XhY indicate for a male's genotype?
In the context of X-linked inheritance, which statement accurately describes factors affecting the expression of traits in females?
In the context of X-linked inheritance, which statement accurately describes factors affecting the expression of traits in females?
How does Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy primarily affect individuals who carry the gene?
How does Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy primarily affect individuals who carry the gene?
Flashcards
Rh Factor
Rh Factor
Antigen on red blood cells (RBCs). Rh+ (having the antigen) is dominant over Rh- (lacking the antigen).
Rh+ Allele
Rh+ Allele
The gene variant that codes for the Rh antigen on red blood cells.
Sex Determination
Sex Determination
Biological sex is determined by the sex chromosome from the sperm (father).
Sex Chromosomes
Sex Chromosomes
Signup and view all the flashcards
X-linked trait
X-linked trait
Signup and view all the flashcards
Sex-Linked Traits
Sex-Linked Traits
Signup and view all the flashcards
Punnett Square
Punnett Square
Signup and view all the flashcards
Biological Sex vs. Gender
Biological Sex vs. Gender
Signup and view all the flashcards
Codominance in blood types
Codominance in blood types
Signup and view all the flashcards
ABO blood types
ABO blood types
Signup and view all the flashcards
Universal donor
Universal donor
Signup and view all the flashcards
Universal recipient
Universal recipient
Signup and view all the flashcards
Multiple alleles
Multiple alleles
Signup and view all the flashcards
Type A blood genotype
Type A blood genotype
Signup and view all the flashcards
Blood type O
Blood type O
Signup and view all the flashcards
Codominance in ABO
Codominance in ABO
Signup and view all the flashcards
X-linked recessive inheritance in females
X-linked recessive inheritance in females
Signup and view all the flashcards
X-linked recessive inheritance in males
X-linked recessive inheritance in males
Signup and view all the flashcards
Heterozygous female for X-linked trait
Heterozygous female for X-linked trait
Signup and view all the flashcards
Homozygous recessive female for X-linked trait
Homozygous recessive female for X-linked trait
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hemizygous male for X-linked trait
Hemizygous male for X-linked trait
Signup and view all the flashcards
X-linked recessive disorder in males
X-linked recessive disorder in males
Signup and view all the flashcards
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Red-Green colorblindness
Red-Green colorblindness
Signup and view all the flashcards
Study Notes
Introduction to Inheritance
- Course name: BIOL 1140
- Course topic: Inheritance of Blood Types & Sex-linked Traits
- Instructor: Susan Cordova (Tappen)
Codominance
- Both alleles are dominant, resulting in both phenotypes being expressed equally.
- No recessive alleles; use superscripts instead of lowercase letters.
- Example: Roan cattle
- CBCB = Brown
- CWCW = White
- CBCW = Roan
ABO Blood Types - General Information
- RBCs vs plasma:
- RBCs (red blood cells) have antigens (A, B, both A&B, or none) on their surface.
- Plasma contains antibodies (anti-A, anti-B, both, or none).
- Most blood donations are of only RBCs.
ABO Blood Types - General Info (Continued)
- If donated RBC antigens react with the patient's plasma antibodies, agglutination (clumping) and hemolysis (rupture) can occur.
- Type O blood is the universal donor.
- Type AB blood is the universal recipient.
ABO Blood Types - Genetics
- Multiple alleles:
- Three possible alleles: IA, IB, i
- Six possible genotypes: IAIA, IAi, IBIB, IBi, IAIB, ii.
- Four phenotypes: Type A, B, AB, or O blood.
- Codominance: Both A and B antigens are expressed on heterozygotes.
- Recessive/Dominant inheritance: IA and IB alleles are dominant; the i allele is recessive.
Blood Type & Multiple Allele Practice
- Hermione and Ron are heterozygous for Type A blood.
- Genotypic and phenotypic ratios are given in a Punnett square.
Blood Type & Multiple Allele Practice - Your Turn
- Patience (Type A heterozygous) and Justice (Type B heterozygous) are parents.
- Calculate the chance their child will have Type O blood.
What about Rh+ and Rh-?
- Rh is another RBC antigen (Rh for Rhesus monkeys).
- Rh+ allele is dominant over Rh-.
- Approximately 84% of the US population is Rh+.
- A dihybrid cross is possible with ABO and Rh antigens.
How is Biological Sex Determined?
- Males are XY.
- Females are XX.
- Egg is X or X.
- Sperm is X or Y.
- Biological sex is determined by the sperm (male).
How is Biological Sex Determined? (Continued)
- Punnett square with XX & XY
- 50% chance of male or female with every birth.
- Biological sex is different from gender.
- Gender is a social construct.
Sex-Linked Inheritance
- Sex-linked traits are genes on either the X or Y chromosome.
- X-linked traits are much more common and can be recessive or dominant.
- The Y chromosome has approximately 78 genes. The X chromosome has approximately 2,000 genes.
- Blood clotting proteins, muscle proteins, and vision proteins are examples of genes found on the X chromosome.
X-Linked Recessive Inheritance in Females
- Notation: Use X and Y letters for the base letters.
- Females can be heterozygous or homozygous.
- Homozygous dominant (XHXH or XX).
- Heterozygous (XHXh or XX*).
- Homozygous recessive (XhXh or XX).
- Females that are heterozygous are carriers.
- Will only express the trait if both alleles are affected.
X-Linked Recessive Inheritance in Males
- Males can only be hemizygous for X-linked traits (only one X chromosome).
- Example: Xhy or Xhy (or X*y or Xy).
- Males will express the trait regardless of whether it is dominant or recessive.
Examples of X-linked Recessive Disorders/Diseases
- Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD):
- Mutation in the DMD gene that codes for dystrophin.
- Severe, progressive muscle wasting disease beginning in the lower limbs.
- Death is due to effect on muscles for breathing.
- Red-Green colorblindness:
- Affects one of three types of cone receptors.
- Hemophilia A:
- Mutation in the gene for "Factor VIII."
- Blood clotting protein.
- Spontaneous internal bleeding.
X-Linked Practice
- Susan is homozygous for normal color vision. Juan is colorblind.
- Calculate the genotypic/phenotypic ratios for their offspring.
- Calculate the chances of their daughter/son being colorblind.
X-Linked Practice (Continued)
- If the daughter (who is a carrier) has a son with someone who is not colorblind, what is the chance their son will be colorblind?
- What if they have a daughter instead?
Pedigrees
- Used to visually track inheritance through generations.
- Useful for backing up inheritance from children to grandparents.
- Symbols are used to represent individuals and their relationships.
X-Linked Practice with Pedigree
- John has hemophilia. Neither parent has symptoms.
- From whom did he inherit the disease?
X-Linked Practice with Pedigree (Continued)
- Three children; son has DMD. Other two daughters do not.
- Determine the genotypes and phenotypes of the parents.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz covers the principles of inheritance related to blood types and sex-linked traits, focusing on codominance and the ABO blood group system. Understanding the interactions between RBC antigens and plasma antibodies is crucial for blood transfusions and genetics knowledge.