Genetics
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Questions and Answers

What are the two pathways for signals sent by the brain to initiate movement?

  • Ventral and dorsal
  • Lateral and medial (correct)
  • Superior and inferior
  • Anterior and posterior

    • When does the brain experience a burst of growth?

  • During middle age
  • During infancy
  • During adolescence and early adulthood (correct)
  • During old age

    • What is still debated in the scientific community regarding mirror neurons and imitation?

  • Whether imitation is innate
  • Whether imitation is a special case of social learning
  • Whether mirror neurons have a genetic component (correct)
  • Whether mirror neurons exist

    • What is genotype?

    <p>The personal set of genetic instructions of an individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of sexual orientation?

    <p>A complex interplay of genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the basal ganglia?

    <p>They control voluntary movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary means we have to interact with the world and other people, according to the motor chauvinist view?

    <p>Movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ideomotor theory?

    <p>A theory that links perception and action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mirror neuron system?

    <p>A system that codes the goal of the motor act</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does brain development experience a burst of growth?

    <p>During puberty and early adulthood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory confirms the direct matching between perception and action?

    <p>Mirror neuron theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause abnormal brain development?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is phenotype?

    <p>The physical expression of an individual's genetic instructions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain region is a key area that differs between males and females in humans?

    <p>The sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area (SDN-POA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Parkinson's disease characterized by?

    <p>Difficulty initiating voluntary movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What supports the idea that imitation is innate?

    <p>Infants are attracted to people who match the form of their action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause abnormal brain development?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What allows us to adapt to a changing physical environment and novel conventions developed by society?

    <p>Learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is the principal part of the lateral pathway?

    <p>The corticospinal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is autistic syndrome disorder (ASD)?

    <p>A disorder characterized by impairments in social and emotional abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is sensorimotor associative learning (ASL)?

    <p>A mechanism that explains how neurons acquire mirroring properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main source of voluntary motor control?

    <p>The primary motor cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between individuals with ASD and motor skills?

    <p>They tend to be impaired in basic sensory and motor skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do hormones play in sexual orientation development?

    <p>A significant role</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can studies of twins raised together or apart help determine?

    <p>The relative contributions of genetics and environment to an individual's traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Down syndrome caused by?

    <p>An extra copy of chromosome 21</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of Down syndrome?

    <p>An extra copy of chromosome 21</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are mirror neurons?

    <p>Neurons that match observed and executed actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What system mediates all communication?

    <p>Motor system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes Parkinson's disease?

    <p>Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How have human mirror neurons been identified?

    <p>Through single-cell recording in presurgical patients and fMRI procedures in healthy volunteers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does ASL occur?

    <p>Only in the context of social interactions between infants and their caregivers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a traditional treatment for Parkinson's disease?

    <p>Levodopa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can children with fetal alcohol syndrome experience?

    <p>Growth retardation, reduced IQ, and behavioral problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the cerebellum play in movement?

    <p>Sequencing complex movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is more likely to have the same sexual orientation, identical twins or non-identical twins?

    <p>Identical twins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the link between the mirror neuron system and individuals with autism?

    <p>The mirror neuron system is underactive in individuals with autism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are skeletal muscles made up of?

    <p>Muscle fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the "use it or lose it" philosophy?

    <p>The philosophy that abilities must be continually practiced or risk being lost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is fetal alcohol syndrome associated with?

    <p>Growth retardation, reduced IQ, and behavioral problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the left fusiform gyrus?

    <p>To mediate identification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the causal role of mirror neurons in behavioral copying?

    <p>They play a role in copying body movement topography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do toxins interfere with movement?

    <p>By acting on the neuromuscular junction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when there is damage to the cell body of a neuron?

    <p>Neural death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when there is damage to the cell body of a neuron?

    <p>The neuron dies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the critical period in the brain's development?

    <p>The formation of connections between neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What puts stress on women's knees during running?

    <p>Pelvic width</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is imitation?

    <p>A special case of social learning in which the individual learns by observing a model who performs a task</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Dean Hamer and colleagues find in their 1993 linkage analysis study?

    <p>The presence of multiple contributing genetic factors throughout the genome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an alternative therapeutic approach for Parkinson's disease?

    <p>Electrical stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the strongest human muscle?

    <p>Uterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required to wire the nervous system?

    <p>The formation of connections between neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When was the first large genetic linkage study of male sexual orientation reported?

    <p>2012</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Alzheimer's disease associated with?

    <p>Loss of cognitive and emotional function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>A degenerative condition associated with aging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do cholinergic agonists have on muscles?

    <p>They boost the activity of acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does levodopa have on Parkinson's disease patients?

    <p>It speeds up movement and improves coordination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of imitation?

    <p>It allows for the rapid acquisition of skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are humans better imitators than other animals?

    <p>Due to socio-cultural experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the visual word form area?

    <p>An area in the brain that is activated when reading</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of mastery of imitation?

    <p>It is a simple mechanism for developing cognitive tools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do dopamine neurons play in the brain?

    <p>They are involved in the reward circuit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are neurofibrillary tangles characteristic of?

    <p>Alzheimer's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might have contributed to the emergence of social learning strategies in humans?

    <p>A combination of biological and socio-environmental resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of spinal cord damage?

    <p>Permanent paralysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurons are responsible for contracting muscles?

    <p>Alpha motor neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are neurofibrillary tangles and decreased cholinergic activity characteristic of?

    <p>Alzheimer's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is synaptic pruning?

    <p>The reduction of the number of functional synapses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chromosome regions contribute to the development of male sexual orientation?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the visual word form area?

    <p>In the left hemisphere of the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are motor units made up of?

    <p>A single alpha motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Can synaptic connections be rearranged throughout life?

    <p>Yes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mirror neurons?

    <p>To play a role in empathy and social cognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Can synaptic connections be rearranged throughout life?

    <p>Yes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the 2012 genetic linkage study find about the role of genetics in sexual orientation?

    <p>Genetics play a significant role in sexual orientation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What predisposes a child to interaction and influences the development of mirror neurons?

    <p>The ability to grasp synchrony with others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to neural tube defects?

    <p>Folic acid deficiencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reflex requires the interaction of only two neurons at a single synapse?

    <p>Monosynaptic reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been demonstrated about critical periods during brain development?

    <p>Experience can modify brain development during critical periods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does motor expertise play in the development of individuals?

    <p>It highlights the link between action understanding and experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been demonstrated about critical periods during brain development?

    <p>They can modify brain development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about the cause of sexual orientation?

    <p>It is determined by a complex interplay of genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to neurons that fail to receive adequate amounts of nerve growth factor (NGF)?

    <p>They experience apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between mirror neurons and prediction?

    <p>Mirror neurons rely on prediction for social cognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Are there currently effective treatments for reversing the course of Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>No</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism that explains how neurons acquire mirroring properties?

    <p>Sensorimotor associative learning (ASL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential risk of folic acid fortification?

    <p>Increased risk of colon cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did chromosome linkage studies indicate about the cause of sexual orientation?

    <p>It is solely determined by genetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Are there currently effective treatments for reversing the course of Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>No</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of prediction in the brain?

    <p>It is one of the most complex and crucial abilities of the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the motor system crucial for having a brain?

    <p>To produce adaptable and complex movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    1. Genetic testing has increased due to understanding of human genome.
    2. SNPs can predict a person's risk for Alzheimer's disease.
    3. Genotype refers to a person's set of genetic instructions, while phenotype is the expression of those instructions.
    4. Twins studies are useful in determining the contributions of heredity and environment.
    5. The development of the nervous system occurs in six stages.
    6. "Use it or lose it" philosophy applies to the nervous system.
    7. Large numbers of cells die during development through apoptosis.
    8. Synaptic pruning occurs during development.
    9. Homosexuality is considered a natural and normal sexual orientation.
    10. Sexual orientation is likely the result of a complex interaction of genetic, hormonal, environmental, cognitive, and biological factors.
    11. Finger digit ratio is a marker of prenatal testosterone exposure and is linked to same-sex attraction.
    12. The sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area differs between males and females and is linked to sexual behavior.
    13. Multiple genes have been found to play a role in sexual orientation.
    14. Brain development continues throughout life, with a burst of growth during puberty that affects the frontal lobes.
    15. Synaptic connections can be rearranged throughout life due to experience.
    16. Critical periods exist during which experience can modify behavior, such as imprinting in baby geese and language acquisition.
    17. Children raised in orphanages have very few opportunities to interact with others and the environment, leading to developmental delays.
    18. Abnormal development can occur due to neural tube defects, genetic disorders, and environmental causes.
    19. Fetal alcohol syndrome can cause growth retardation, reduced IQ, and behavioral problems.
    20. Alzheimer's disease is a degenerative condition associated with aging that results in loss of cognitive and emotional function.
    • Tangles result from detachment of tau protein
    • Microtubules collapse without tau protein
    • Transneuronal degeneration spreads deterioration rapidly
    • Memory impairment from deterioration in hippocampus
    • Language and problem-solving deficits from damage to cortex
    • Emotional changes from damage to limbic system structures
    • No effective treatments for reversing Alzheimer's disease
    • Decrease in cholinergic activity in brain is characteristic of Alzheimer's
    • Medications boosting acetylcholine levels might be helpful
    • Alzheimer's disease affects various parts of the brain.

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    Description

    This quiz is a comprehensive review of genetics, development, and neurological disorders. Test your knowledge of genetic testing, heredity, and the contributions of environment and experience to behavior. Learn about the development of the nervous system and the critical periods during which experience can modify behavior. Explore the causes and effects of abnormal development, fetal alcohol syndrome, and Alzheimer's disease. Discover the latest research on sexual orientation and brain development. This quiz is perfect for anyone interested in genetics, neuroscience, and psychology.

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