Questions and Answers
What are autosomes?
What does probability predict?
A certain event will occur
What is a dominant allele?
The allele expressed when two different alleles are present
When is a recessive allele expressed?
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What does heterozygous mean?
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What is genotype?
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What is phenotype?
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What are sex-linked traits?
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What is a karyotype?
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What is a pedigree?
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What is a haploid?
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What is a diploid?
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What does polygenic mean?
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What are mutations?
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What is Down's syndrome?
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Who determines the sex of a child?
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What letters are used for dominant and recessive characteristics?
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How many chromosomes do individuals with Down syndrome have?
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What are Mendel's principles of genetics?
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What are the sex chromosomes for females?
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What are the sex chromosomes for males?
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What does homozygous mean?
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What does a circle represent in a pedigree?
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What does a square represent in a pedigree?
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How many alleles are inherited from each parent?
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What is a picture of a person's chromosomes called?
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What are units of inheritance?
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What is a diagram that follows a trait through generations called?
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What can cause mutations?
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What is the science of heredity called?
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Examples of sex-linked traits include?
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Which pairs are sex chromosomes?
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What is Mendel's law of segregation?
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What happens when a child has Down syndrome?
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In a sex-linked trait, who exhibits the trait more often?
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What are the dominant alleles?
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What is the recessive allele?
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Study Notes
Autosomes
- Non-sex chromosomes are numbered 1-22.
Probability
- Represents the likelihood of a specific event occurring.
Dominant Allele
- Expressed in the presence of two different alleles.
Recessive Allele
- Not expressed unless accompanied by a dominant allele.
Heterozygous
- Organisms with two different alleles, e.g., Bb.
Genotype
- The genetic makeup of an organism, indicating the type of alleles present.
Phenotype
- The observable traits of an organism, based on genotype.
Sex-Linked Traits
- Traits linked to genes located on the X chromosome.
Karyotype
- A photographic representation of an organism's complete set of chromosomes.
Pedigree
- A diagram illustrating the inheritance of a trait across generations in a family.
Haploid
- A single set of chromosomes, totaling 23 in humans.
Diploid
- Two sets of chromosomes, totaling 46 in humans, denoted as 2n.
Polygenic Traits
- Traits controlled by two or more genes, resulting in multiple phenotypes.
Mutations
- Alterations in the DNA sequence that can affect traits.
Down's Syndrome (Trisomy 21)
- A genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra 21st chromosome, resulting in 47 total chromosomes.
Sex Determination
- The father's sperm determines the sex of a child.
Alleles
- Dominant traits are represented by capital letters, while recessive traits are indicated by lowercase letters.
Chromosome Count in Down Syndrome
- Individuals with Down syndrome have 47 chromosomes.
Mendel's Principles of Genetics
- Include the principles of independent assortment, dominance, and segregation.
Sex Chromosomes
- Females have XX; males have XY.
Homozygous
- Having identical alleles for a trait, e.g., BB or bb.
Genetic Representation
- Circles represent females; squares represent males in pedigrees.
Inheritance of Traits
- Each parent contributes one allele for a trait, resulting in a total of two alleles.
Karyotype Definition
- A visual representation of an individual's chromosome set.
Genes
- Fundamental units of inheritance.
Pedigree Diagram
- A chart that tracks a specific trait through multiple generations.
Causes of Mutations
- Can be induced by X-rays, chemicals, radiation, inherited mutations, or errors in DNA replication.
Genetics Definition
- The study of heredity and variation in organisms.
Examples of Sex-Linked Traits
- Inclusions are red-green color blindness, male pattern baldness, and hemophilia.
Sex Chromosome Pairs
- The male and female sex chromosomes are X and Y.
Mendel's Law of Segregation
- During gamete formation, gene pairs segregate so each gamete carries one allele.
Down Syndrome Characteristics
- Notable features include 47 chromosomes, flat facial appearance, slow development, low-set ears, and distinct physical traits.
Sex-Linked Trait Inheritance
- Males exhibit sex-linked traits more frequently as they require only one X chromosome to express a trait, unlike females who require two.
Blood Type Alleles
- A and B are dominant alleles, while O is recessive.
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Description
Test your knowledge on key concepts in genetics including autosomes, alleles, genotypes, and phenotypes. This quiz covers essential terms and principles that are crucial for understanding genetic inheritance and variability. Perfect for students studying biology or introductory genetics.
