Genetics Fundamentals Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What are autosomes?

Mitochondrial DNA

Y chromosomes

Non-sex chromosomes (correct)

Sex chromosomes

What does probability predict?

A certain event will occur

What is a dominant allele?

The allele expressed when two different alleles are present

When is a recessive allele expressed?

When the dominant allele is not present Signup and view all the answers

What does heterozygous mean?

Carrying different alleles Signup and view all the answers

What is genotype?

The genetic makeup of an organism Signup and view all the answers

What is phenotype?

The expressed traits of an individual Signup and view all the answers

What are sex-linked traits?

Traits whose genes are located on the X chromosome Signup and view all the answers

What is a karyotype?

An image of all the chromosomes in a cell Signup and view all the answers

What is a pedigree?

A diagram of one trait throughout a family Signup and view all the answers

What is a haploid?

A set of 23 chromosomes Signup and view all the answers

What is a diploid?

A double set of 46 chromosomes Signup and view all the answers

What does polygenic mean?

A trait produced by two or more genes Signup and view all the answers

What are mutations?

Changes in the DNA sequence Signup and view all the answers

What is Down's syndrome?

A common birth defect resulting from an extra chromosome Signup and view all the answers

Who determines the sex of a child?

The father Signup and view all the answers

What letters are used for dominant and recessive characteristics?

Capital letters for dominant; lower case for recessive Signup and view all the answers

How many chromosomes do individuals with Down syndrome have?

47 chromosomes Signup and view all the answers

What are Mendel's principles of genetics?

Principle of independent assortment, dominance, and segregation Signup and view all the answers

What are the sex chromosomes for females?

XX Signup and view all the answers

What are the sex chromosomes for males?

XY Signup and view all the answers

What does homozygous mean?

Both alleles are the same Signup and view all the answers

What does a circle represent in a pedigree?

Female Signup and view all the answers

What does a square represent in a pedigree?

Male Signup and view all the answers

How many alleles are inherited from each parent?

One from each parent, two alleles total Signup and view all the answers

What is a picture of a person's chromosomes called?

Karyotype Signup and view all the answers

What are units of inheritance?

Genes Signup and view all the answers

What is a diagram that follows a trait through generations called?

Pedigree Signup and view all the answers

What can cause mutations?

X-rays, chemicals, radiation, inherited mutations, replication errors Signup and view all the answers

What is the science of heredity called?

Genetics Signup and view all the answers

Examples of sex-linked traits include?

Red-green color blindness, male pattern baldness, hemophilia Signup and view all the answers

Which pairs are sex chromosomes?

X and Y Signup and view all the answers

What is Mendel's law of segregation?

Genes segregate during gamete formation Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a child has Down syndrome?

They have 47 chromosomes and distinct features Signup and view all the answers

In a sex-linked trait, who exhibits the trait more often?

Males Signup and view all the answers

What are the dominant alleles?

A and B Signup and view all the answers

What is the recessive allele?

O Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Autosomes

Non-sex chromosomes are numbered 1-22.

Probability

Represents the likelihood of a specific event occurring.

Dominant Allele

Expressed in the presence of two different alleles.

Recessive Allele

Not expressed unless accompanied by a dominant allele.

Heterozygous

Organisms with two different alleles, e.g., Bb.

Genotype

The genetic makeup of an organism, indicating the type of alleles present.

Phenotype

The observable traits of an organism, based on genotype.

Sex-Linked Traits

Traits linked to genes located on the X chromosome.

Karyotype

A photographic representation of an organism's complete set of chromosomes.

Pedigree

A diagram illustrating the inheritance of a trait across generations in a family.

Haploid

A single set of chromosomes, totaling 23 in humans.

Diploid

Two sets of chromosomes, totaling 46 in humans, denoted as 2n.

Polygenic Traits

Traits controlled by two or more genes, resulting in multiple phenotypes.

Mutations

Alterations in the DNA sequence that can affect traits.

Down's Syndrome (Trisomy 21)

A genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra 21st chromosome, resulting in 47 total chromosomes.

Sex Determination

The father's sperm determines the sex of a child.

Alleles

Dominant traits are represented by capital letters, while recessive traits are indicated by lowercase letters.

Chromosome Count in Down Syndrome

Individuals with Down syndrome have 47 chromosomes.

Mendel's Principles of Genetics

Include the principles of independent assortment, dominance, and segregation.

Sex Chromosomes

Females have XX; males have XY.

Homozygous

Having identical alleles for a trait, e.g., BB or bb.

Genetic Representation

Circles represent females; squares represent males in pedigrees.

Inheritance of Traits

Each parent contributes one allele for a trait, resulting in a total of two alleles.

Karyotype Definition

A visual representation of an individual's chromosome set.

Genes

Fundamental units of inheritance.

Pedigree Diagram

A chart that tracks a specific trait through multiple generations.

Causes of Mutations

Can be induced by X-rays, chemicals, radiation, inherited mutations, or errors in DNA replication.

Genetics Definition

The study of heredity and variation in organisms.

Examples of Sex-Linked Traits

Inclusions are red-green color blindness, male pattern baldness, and hemophilia.

Sex Chromosome Pairs

The male and female sex chromosomes are X and Y.

Mendel's Law of Segregation

During gamete formation, gene pairs segregate so each gamete carries one allele.

Down Syndrome Characteristics

Notable features include 47 chromosomes, flat facial appearance, slow development, low-set ears, and distinct physical traits.

Sex-Linked Trait Inheritance

Males exhibit sex-linked traits more frequently as they require only one X chromosome to express a trait, unlike females who require two.

Blood Type Alleles

A and B are dominant alleles, while O is recessive.

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Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts in genetics including autosomes, alleles, genotypes, and phenotypes. This quiz covers essential terms and principles that are crucial for understanding genetic inheritance and variability. Perfect for students studying biology or introductory genetics.