Genetics Fundamentals Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What are autosomes?

  • Mitochondrial DNA
  • Y chromosomes
  • Non-sex chromosomes (correct)
  • Sex chromosomes

What does probability predict?

A certain event will occur

What is a dominant allele?

The allele expressed when two different alleles are present

When is a recessive allele expressed?

<p>When the dominant allele is not present</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does heterozygous mean?

<p>Carrying different alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is genotype?

<p>The genetic makeup of an organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is phenotype?

<p>The expressed traits of an individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are sex-linked traits?

<p>Traits whose genes are located on the X chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a karyotype?

<p>An image of all the chromosomes in a cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a pedigree?

<p>A diagram of one trait throughout a family</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a haploid?

<p>A set of 23 chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a diploid?

<p>A double set of 46 chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does polygenic mean?

<p>A trait produced by two or more genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are mutations?

<p>Changes in the DNA sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Down's syndrome?

<p>A common birth defect resulting from an extra chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who determines the sex of a child?

<p>The father</p> Signup and view all the answers

What letters are used for dominant and recessive characteristics?

<p>Capital letters for dominant; lower case for recessive</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many chromosomes do individuals with Down syndrome have?

<p>47 chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Mendel's principles of genetics?

<p>Principle of independent assortment, dominance, and segregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the sex chromosomes for females?

<p>XX</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the sex chromosomes for males?

<p>XY</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does homozygous mean?

<p>Both alleles are the same</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a circle represent in a pedigree?

<p>Female</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a square represent in a pedigree?

<p>Male</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many alleles are inherited from each parent?

<p>One from each parent, two alleles total</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a picture of a person's chromosomes called?

<p>Karyotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are units of inheritance?

<p>Genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a diagram that follows a trait through generations called?

<p>Pedigree</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can cause mutations?

<p>X-rays, chemicals, radiation, inherited mutations, replication errors</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the science of heredity called?

<p>Genetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

Examples of sex-linked traits include?

<p>Red-green color blindness, male pattern baldness, hemophilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pairs are sex chromosomes?

<p>X and Y</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Mendel's law of segregation?

<p>Genes segregate during gamete formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a child has Down syndrome?

<p>They have 47 chromosomes and distinct features</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a sex-linked trait, who exhibits the trait more often?

<p>Males</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the dominant alleles?

<p>A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recessive allele?

<p>O</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Autosomes

Non-sex chromosomes numbered 1 through 22. These chromosomes contain genes that control various traits unrelated to sex determination.

Probability

The likelihood of a specific event happening, often expressed as a percentage or fraction.

Dominant Allele

A gene variant that is always expressed in the presence of another allele, even if that other allele is different.

Recessive Allele

A gene variant that is only expressed when paired with another identical recessive allele.

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Heterozygous

An organism possessing two different alleles for a specific trait.

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Genotype

The genetic makeup of an organism, representing the specific combination of alleles present.

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Phenotype

The observable traits of an organism, determined by the interaction of its genotype and the environment.

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Sex-Linked Traits

Traits associated with genes located on the X chromosome, often affecting males more frequently.

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Karyotype

A visual representation of an individual's complete set of chromosomes, arranged in pairs by size and shape.

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Pedigree

A diagram outlining the inheritance of a particular trait over multiple generations within a family.

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Haploid

A single set of chromosomes, totaling 23 in humans.

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Diploid

Two sets of chromosomes, totaling 46 in humans, denoted as 2n.

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Polygenic Traits

Traits controlled by multiple genes, resulting in a wide range of phenotypes.

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Mutations

Changes in the DNA sequence that can alter traits. These changes can be spontaneous or induced by environmental factors.

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Down's Syndrome (Trisomy 21)

A genetic disorder caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21, resulting in 47 chromosomes.

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Sex Determination

The father's sperm determines the sex of a child, carrying either an X or a Y chromosome.

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Alleles

Alternative forms of a gene, occupying the same position on homologous chromosomes.

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Chromosome Count in Down Syndrome

Individuals with Down Syndrome have 47 chromosomes due to an extra copy of chromosome 21.

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Mendel's Principles of Genetics

Principles developed by Gregor Mendel that explain how traits are inherited across generations. These include the principles of dominance, segregation, and independent assortment.

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Sex Chromosomes

Chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual. Females have XX chromosomes; males have XY.

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Homozygous

Having identical alleles for a particular trait, represented by two identical letters like 'BB' for dominant or 'bb' for recessive.

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Genetic Representation

A standardized way to represent genetic information within a pedigree diagram.

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Inheritance of Traits

The process of passing traits from parents to offspring through the transmission of genes.

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Karyotype Definition

A visual representation of an individual's complete set of chromosomes, arranged in pairs by size and shape.

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Genes

The fundamental units of inheritance, responsible for carrying and transferring genetic information from one generation to the next.

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Pedigree Diagram

A diagram used in genetics to trace the inheritance of a specific trait through multiple generations within a family.

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Causes of Mutations

Factors that can cause alterations in the DNA sequence, leading to changes in traits. These can include exposure to radiation, chemicals, errors in DNA replication or inherited mutations.

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Genetics Definition

The scientific study of heredity and how variations in organisms are passed from one generation to the next.

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Examples of Sex-Linked Traits

Traits associated with genes located on the X chromosome, often expressed more frequently in males due to their single X chromosome.

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Sex Chromosome Pairs

The two chromosomes responsible for determining an individual's sex. Females have XX; males have XY.

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Mendel's Law of Segregation

During gamete formation, pairs of alleles separate so that each gamete (sperm or egg) receives only one allele from the pair.

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Down Syndrome Characteristics

A condition characterized by an extra copy of chromosome 21, resulting in 47 chromosomes and distinctive physical and developmental features.

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Sex-Linked Trait Inheritance

Since males have only one X chromosome, they are more likely to express sex-linked traits compared to females who require two copies of the recessive allele.

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Blood Type Alleles

Different versions of the gene that determine blood type. A and B are dominant alleles, while O is recessive.

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Study Notes

Autosomes

  • Non-sex chromosomes are numbered 1-22.

Probability

  • Represents the likelihood of a specific event occurring.

Dominant Allele

  • Expressed in the presence of two different alleles.

Recessive Allele

  • Not expressed unless accompanied by a dominant allele.

Heterozygous

  • Organisms with two different alleles, e.g., Bb.

Genotype

  • The genetic makeup of an organism, indicating the type of alleles present.

Phenotype

  • The observable traits of an organism, based on genotype.

Sex-Linked Traits

  • Traits linked to genes located on the X chromosome.

Karyotype

  • A photographic representation of an organism's complete set of chromosomes.

Pedigree

  • A diagram illustrating the inheritance of a trait across generations in a family.

Haploid

  • A single set of chromosomes, totaling 23 in humans.

Diploid

  • Two sets of chromosomes, totaling 46 in humans, denoted as 2n.

Polygenic Traits

  • Traits controlled by two or more genes, resulting in multiple phenotypes.

Mutations

  • Alterations in the DNA sequence that can affect traits.

Down's Syndrome (Trisomy 21)

  • A genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra 21st chromosome, resulting in 47 total chromosomes.

Sex Determination

  • The father's sperm determines the sex of a child.

Alleles

  • Dominant traits are represented by capital letters, while recessive traits are indicated by lowercase letters.

Chromosome Count in Down Syndrome

  • Individuals with Down syndrome have 47 chromosomes.

Mendel's Principles of Genetics

  • Include the principles of independent assortment, dominance, and segregation.

Sex Chromosomes

  • Females have XX; males have XY.

Homozygous

  • Having identical alleles for a trait, e.g., BB or bb.

Genetic Representation

  • Circles represent females; squares represent males in pedigrees.

Inheritance of Traits

  • Each parent contributes one allele for a trait, resulting in a total of two alleles.

Karyotype Definition

  • A visual representation of an individual's chromosome set.

Genes

  • Fundamental units of inheritance.

Pedigree Diagram

  • A chart that tracks a specific trait through multiple generations.

Causes of Mutations

  • Can be induced by X-rays, chemicals, radiation, inherited mutations, or errors in DNA replication.

Genetics Definition

  • The study of heredity and variation in organisms.

Examples of Sex-Linked Traits

  • Inclusions are red-green color blindness, male pattern baldness, and hemophilia.

Sex Chromosome Pairs

  • The male and female sex chromosomes are X and Y.

Mendel's Law of Segregation

  • During gamete formation, gene pairs segregate so each gamete carries one allele.

Down Syndrome Characteristics

  • Notable features include 47 chromosomes, flat facial appearance, slow development, low-set ears, and distinct physical traits.

Sex-Linked Trait Inheritance

  • Males exhibit sex-linked traits more frequently as they require only one X chromosome to express a trait, unlike females who require two.

Blood Type Alleles

  • A and B are dominant alleles, while O is recessive.

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Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts in genetics including autosomes, alleles, genotypes, and phenotypes. This quiz covers essential terms and principles that are crucial for understanding genetic inheritance and variability. Perfect for students studying biology or introductory genetics.

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