Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a primary factor contributing to the limited commercialization of genetically engineered (GE) livestock, despite initial optimism?
What is a primary factor contributing to the limited commercialization of genetically engineered (GE) livestock, despite initial optimism?
- Predominantly public research funding initiatives.
- Simple regulatory pathways for GE livestock approval.
- Regulatory obstacles and public opinion concerns. (correct)
- High rates of transgene integration in livestock.
What aspect did early reviews of GE livestock production often emphasize, despite acknowledging technical challenges?
What aspect did early reviews of GE livestock production often emphasize, despite acknowledging technical challenges?
- Optimistic projections for future developments and applications. (correct)
- Pessimistic conclusions regarding future viability.
- Comprehensive analysis of regulatory obstacles.
- Detailed risk assessments for environmental impacts.
What did Simons & Land foresee regarding the application of genetic engineering technology in livestock as early as 1987?
What did Simons & Land foresee regarding the application of genetic engineering technology in livestock as early as 1987?
- Classification of the technology as a drug or infectious agent.
- Exclusion of the technology from existing legislation.
- Immediate acceptance of the technology without regulatory concerns.
- Dependence on the establishment of a suitable social framework. (correct)
What key advancement in the field of animal genetics significantly contributed to the implementation of genomic selection in livestock?
What key advancement in the field of animal genetics significantly contributed to the implementation of genomic selection in livestock?
How has the sequencing of the cattle genome impacted genetic improvement in the dairy industry?
How has the sequencing of the cattle genome impacted genetic improvement in the dairy industry?
What is a limitation of using somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) for producing GE livestock?
What is a limitation of using somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) for producing GE livestock?
What factor significantly contributes to the high cost of producing transgenic livestock?
What factor significantly contributes to the high cost of producing transgenic livestock?
What is the primary method used to produce livestock carrying nuclease-mediated genetic changes in their genomes?
What is the primary method used to produce livestock carrying nuclease-mediated genetic changes in their genomes?
What traits are commonly targeted with gene editing in livestock, aligning with objectives of traditional selection programs?
What traits are commonly targeted with gene editing in livestock, aligning with objectives of traditional selection programs?
How does the livestock breeding sector differ from the plant breeding sector regarding focus?
How does the livestock breeding sector differ from the plant breeding sector regarding focus?
Which factor most significantly influences the level of investment directed toward developing genetically improved founders in the breeding nucleus?
Which factor most significantly influences the level of investment directed toward developing genetically improved founders in the breeding nucleus?
What text was included in the annual USDA request for grant applications for almost a decade starting in the mid-2000s?
What text was included in the annual USDA request for grant applications for almost a decade starting in the mid-2000s?
According to the FDA's 2009 Guidance Document 187, what constitutes the "regulated" article in a GE animal?
According to the FDA's 2009 Guidance Document 187, what constitutes the "regulated" article in a GE animal?
How did the FDA exercise enforcement discretion regarding GE animals of nonfood species used in research institutions?
How did the FDA exercise enforcement discretion regarding GE animals of nonfood species used in research institutions?
What is a key consideration in the FDA's risk assessment for each line of GloFish® marketed in the United States?
What is a key consideration in the FDA's risk assessment for each line of GloFish® marketed in the United States?
What factor influenced the FDA's decision to exercise enforcement discretion for GloFish®?
What factor influenced the FDA's decision to exercise enforcement discretion for GloFish®?
According to Alan Blake, CEO of Yorktown Technologies, what drives consumer purchase of transgenic animals, at least as aquarium pets?
According to Alan Blake, CEO of Yorktown Technologies, what drives consumer purchase of transgenic animals, at least as aquarium pets?
What is the significance of the 2017 FDA guidance update regarding the regulation of intentionally altered genomic DNA in animals?
What is the significance of the 2017 FDA guidance update regarding the regulation of intentionally altered genomic DNA in animals?
What impact has the adoption of GE crops had on the livestock sector?
What impact has the adoption of GE crops had on the livestock sector?
What was the estimated cost related to eyesight years lost with a one year delay in the introduction of golden rice, a crop with vitamin A?
What was the estimated cost related to eyesight years lost with a one year delay in the introduction of golden rice, a crop with vitamin A?
What is the estimated global annual cost associated with Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in dairy cows?
What is the estimated global annual cost associated with Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in dairy cows?
What was the estimated cost associated with delaying the FDA approval by 5 years, for S. aureus mastitis resistant cows?
What was the estimated cost associated with delaying the FDA approval by 5 years, for S. aureus mastitis resistant cows?
Between what years is the cost framework for the 30 year net present value (NPV) evaluation of S. Aureus mastitis
Between what years is the cost framework for the 30 year net present value (NPV) evaluation of S. Aureus mastitis
Which countries, with improved dairy genetics, were used to estimate the cost of delaying the introduction of mastitis-resistant cows?
Which countries, with improved dairy genetics, were used to estimate the cost of delaying the introduction of mastitis-resistant cows?
The 2018, mainland China had more than 442 million pigs, what perfect of all live pigs is this in the world?
The 2018, mainland China had more than 442 million pigs, what perfect of all live pigs is this in the world?
What does PRRS stand for?
What does PRRS stand for?
Between what years is the cost framework for the 30 year NPV evaluation of PRRS virus-resistant pigs
Between what years is the cost framework for the 30 year NPV evaluation of PRRS virus-resistant pigs
What were the findings around AquAdvantage salmon?
What were the findings around AquAdvantage salmon?
What rDNA in aqua advantage enabled a faster growth rate?
What rDNA in aqua advantage enabled a faster growth rate?
Flashcards
Opportunity Cost
Opportunity Cost
The cost of delaying or preventing the potential benefits of a technology because of regulatory delays or other obstacles.
Genetically Engineered (GE) Livestock
Genetically Engineered (GE) Livestock
Livestock whose genetic material has been altered using gene editing or transgenesis techniques.
Genome Editing
Genome Editing
A technique that introduces a double-stranded break at a targeted location in the genome to modify genes.
AquAdvantage Salmon
AquAdvantage Salmon
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Coordinated Framework for the Regulation of Biotechnology
Coordinated Framework for the Regulation of Biotechnology
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Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act)
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act)
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New Animal Drug Application (NADA)
New Animal Drug Application (NADA)
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Veterinary Medicine Advisory Committee (VMAC)
Veterinary Medicine Advisory Committee (VMAC)
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Mastitis
Mastitis
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PRRS Virus-Resistant CD163 Knockout Pigs
PRRS Virus-Resistant CD163 Knockout Pigs
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Atlantic Salmon
Atlantic Salmon
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Herd books
Herd books
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rDNA construct
rDNA construct
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opportunity cost
opportunity cost
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Study Notes
Introduction
- GE crops have been commercialized for >22 years.
- In 2018 alone, GE crops were grown on 191.7 million hectares by 17 million farmers in 26 countries
- Only one GE food animal has ever been commercialized.
- Some authors foresaw potential regulatory and social license issues as far back as 1987
- Simons & Land predicted that application of the technology is dependent on establishing a suitable social framework.
- Transgenic practices could enhance the advantages of genetic improvement increasing the rate at which characteristics of stock could meet community requirements.
- A 1990 review lamented the lack of mapped genomes in domestic animals but suggested livestock breeding would drastically change before the turn of the century if this hurdle were surmounted.
- Dr. Jim Womack forecast that mapping over 200 polymorphic loci in any livestock species in the near future was a formidable task
- Sequencing the entire bovine genome was reported 22 years after that paper was published.
- The number of sequenced bovine genomes grew to more than 2,700 animals.
- These developments were enabled by massive investments in sequencing technologies and large consortiums.
- Genomic sequence data has been used to implement genomic selection on a very large scale in pigs, sheep, and cattle, with millions of animals having been genotyped.
- Enabling genomic-based selection of young elite bulls following the sequencing of the cattle genome doubled the rate of genetic improvement in the dairy industry.
- Georges & Andersson predicted transgenic tools would become a key component for testing hypotheses with regard to function and regulation of underlying genes uncovered by genomic approaches.
- Dolly, the first cloned mammal, was reported in 1996, which opened the way to cloning livestock from GE somatic cells, coinciding with the promulgation of the US Coordinated Framework for the Regulation of Biotechnology.
- Wall reported that 24% of published papers in PubMed were review articles when searching the term “transgenic livestock"
- Today, about 30% of the same search results are review articles
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