L2 (T1): Populations at a moment in time: prevalence & cross-sectional studies
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is the correct definition of prevalence?

  • The frequency of disease/health needs over time
  • Observing differences in health of groups
  • Creating differences in the health of groups
  • The frequency of disease/health needs at a moment in time (correct)

    • Which of the following is the correct calculation for prevalence?

  • Number of people with disease / Number of people who could have disease (correct)
  • Total population / Number of people with disease
  • Number of people with disease / Total population
  • Number of people who could have disease / Number of people with disease

    • Which of the following is an example of point prevalence?

  • Prevalence calculated for a specific purpose
  • Prevalence of an episodic disease/condition
  • Prevalence at a point in time (correct)
  • Prevalence over a specific period of time

    • Which of the following is an example of period prevalence?

    <p>Prevalence over a specific period of time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of lifetime prevalence?

    <p>Prevalence of the disease/condition ever in individual’s lifetime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of prevalence is used for tracking changes in a condition?

    <p>Period prevalence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a type of risk factor that might be considered in epidemiology?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of study focuses on populations at a specific moment in time?

    <p>Cross-sectional studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of studies are used to examine populations over time?

    <p>Cohort studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of study focuses on the occurrence of new cases in a population over time?

    <p>Incidence studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of studies are used to determine the proportion of individuals with a specific disease or condition at a specific moment in time?

    <p>Prevalence studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of study follows a group of individuals over time to determine the incidence of a specific disease or condition?

    <p>Cohort studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of studies are used to determine the number of new cases of a specific disease or condition that occur in a population over a given time period?

    <p>Incidence studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of study examines the relationship between exposure to a risk factor and the development of a disease or condition?

    <p>Cohort studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the case definition of infertility in epidemiology?

    <p>A failure to achieve clinical pregnancy after 6 months of regular sexual intercourse for females aged 35 years or more</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to define infertility accurately?

    <p>To identify causal factors and outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which study design is commonly used to establish the prevalence of infertility?

    <p>Cross-sectional study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of data is collected in an ecological study?

    <p>Exposures/outcomes within populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the case definition of infertility based on public perception?

    <p>A sexually-active noncontracepting female without children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the implications of accurately defining infertility?

    <p>Exclude sub-populations of interest from numerator/denominator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the case definition of infertility in epidemiology for females aged 35 years or more?

    <p>A failure to achieve clinical pregnancy after 6 months of regular sexual intercourse for females aged 35 years or more</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of study design is commonly used to establish the prevalence of infertility in population-based studies?

    <p>Cross-sectional study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the case definition of infertility in public perception?

    <p>A sexually-active noncontracepting female without children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which formula would you use to calculate the prevalence of disease?

    <p>(A + C) / N</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How would you calculate the prevalence of exposure in the diseased population?

    <p>A / (A + C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prevalence of infertility amongst women from Brighton & Hove in 2018?

    <p>0.125</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which formula would you use to calculate the prevalence of exposure?

    <p>(A + B) / N</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the prevalence of disease in unexposed individuals?

    <p>C / (C + D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the prevalence of exposure in non-diseased individuals?

    <p>B / (B + D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might we be interested in prevalence of disease/condition?

    <p>To understand the burden of the disease in a population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a contingency table in epidemiology?

    <p>To visualize the health needs of populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term is used to describe risk factors that increase or decrease the likelihood of developing a disease or injury?

    <p>Exposures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a contingency table, what does the column labeled 'Disease' represent?

    <p>The number of people with the disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct definition of prevalence?

    <p>Prevalence is the commonness of a health condition in a population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of prevalence is calculated for a specific purpose?

    <p>Point prevalence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate prevalence?

    <p>Prevalence = (Number of people with the health condition) / (Total population)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of prevalence is useful for tracking changes over time?

    <p>Period prevalence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct equation to calculate prevalence?

    <p>Prevalence = numerator / denominator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does prevalence measure?

    <p>The frequency of cases of a disease in a given population at a designated time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of epidemiology in evidence-based medicine?

    <p>Epidemiology helps generate epidemiological knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between epidemiology and clinical epidemiology?

    <p>Epidemiology studies populations, while clinical epidemiology applies knowledge to individual patient care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which equation can be used to calculate the prevalence of infertility among women in Brighton and Hove in 2018?

    <p>$P = \frac{A + C}{N}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the prevalence equation $P = \frac{A + C}{N}$ represent?

    <p>The proportion of individuals with the health condition in the population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How would you express the prevalence of infertility among women in Brighton and Hove in 2018 as a percentage?

    <p>12.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the prevalence of disease in unexposed individuals?

    <p>$P = \frac{B}{N}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes case definition in epidemiology?

    <p>The criteria used to identify the presence of a health condition in a population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to have a clearly defined case definition in epidemiological studies?

    <p>To ensure consistency within a study and comparability across different studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the denominator represent in epidemiological prevalence calculations?

    <p>The population at risk of developing the disease or health outcome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to define the denominator accurately in epidemiological prevalence calculations?

    <p>To ensure the estimates are valid and representative of the population at risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of understanding the prevalence of infertility in different populations?

    <p>To track trends over time and geography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to accurately define infertility?

    <p>To ensure accurate screening and diagnosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of study design is commonly used to establish the prevalence of infertility in population-based studies?

    <p>Cross-sectional study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the prevalence of disease?

    <p>$\frac{\text{Number of cases}}{\text{Total population}}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the prevalence of a disease in a population influence the accuracy of screening results?

    <p>The more prevalent the disease, the more likely a positive screening result represents a true case of the disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the implications of accurately defining infertility?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

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