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A ________________ cell can take up and incorporate foreign DNA from the surrounding environment in a process called transformation
A ________________ cell can take up and incorporate foreign DNA from the surrounding environment in a process called transformation
prokaryotic
________________________________ is the movement of genes between bacteria by bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria)
________________________________ is the movement of genes between bacteria by bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria)
Transduction
Movement of genes among individuals from different species is called ____________________ gene transfer
Movement of genes among individuals from different species is called ____________________ gene transfer
horizontal
______________________ is the process where genetic material is transferred between prokaryotic cells
______________________ is the process where genetic material is transferred between prokaryotic cells
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Phototrophs obtain energy from ____________________
Phototrophs obtain energy from ____________________
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Nitrogen is essential for the production of ____________________ acids and nucleic acids
Nitrogen is essential for the production of ____________________ acids and nucleic acids
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In nitrogen fixation, some prokaryotes convert atmospheric ____________________ (N2) to ammonia (NH3)
In nitrogen fixation, some prokaryotes convert atmospheric ____________________ (N2) to ammonia (NH3)
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Obligate ____________________ are poisoned by O2 and use fermentation or anaerobic respiration
Obligate ____________________ are poisoned by O2 and use fermentation or anaerobic respiration
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Some archaea live in ______________ environments and are called extremophiles
Some archaea live in ______________ environments and are called extremophiles
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Methanogens are ______________ anaerobes and are poisoned by O2
Methanogens are ______________ anaerobes and are poisoned by O2
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Chlamydia are ______________ that live only within animal cells
Chlamydia are ______________ that live only within animal cells
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Treponema pallidum causes ______________ by sexual transmission
Treponema pallidum causes ______________ by sexual transmission
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Cyanobacteria are ______________ that generate O2
Cyanobacteria are ______________ that generate O2
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Bacillus anthracis is the cause of ______________
Bacillus anthracis is the cause of ______________
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Prokaryotes can increase the availability of ______________, phosphorus, and potassium for plant growth
Prokaryotes can increase the availability of ______________, phosphorus, and potassium for plant growth
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Symbiosis is an ecological relationship in which two species live in close contact: a larger ______________ and smaller symbiont
Symbiosis is an ecological relationship in which two species live in close contact: a larger ______________ and smaller symbiont
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Some prokaryotes have ______ which allow them to stick to their substrate or other individuals in a colony
Some prokaryotes have ______ which allow them to stick to their substrate or other individuals in a colony
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Pili (or sex ______) are longer than fimbriae and allow prokaryotes to exchange DNA
Pili (or sex ______) are longer than fimbriae and allow prokaryotes to exchange DNA
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Many bacteria exhibit ______, the ability to move toward or away from a stimulus
Many bacteria exhibit ______, the ability to move toward or away from a stimulus
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Chemotaxis is the movement toward or away from a ______ stimulus
Chemotaxis is the movement toward or away from a ______ stimulus
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Most motile bacteria propel themselves by ______ scattered about the surface or concentrated at one or both ends
Most motile bacteria propel themselves by ______ scattered about the surface or concentrated at one or both ends
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Bacterial ______ are composed of a motor, hook, and filament
Bacterial ______ are composed of a motor, hook, and filament
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Many prokaryotes form metabolically inactive ______, which can remain viable in harsh conditions for centuries
Many prokaryotes form metabolically inactive ______, which can remain viable in harsh conditions for centuries
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Three factors contribute to their genetic diversity: Rapid reproduction, ______, and Genetic recombination
Three factors contribute to their genetic diversity: Rapid reproduction, ______, and Genetic recombination
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Study Notes
Genetic Recombination
- Prokaryotic cells can take up and incorporate foreign DNA from the surrounding environment through transformation.
- Transduction is the movement of genes between bacteria by bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria).
- Horizontal gene transfer refers to the movement of genes among individuals from different species.
- Conjugation is the process where genetic material is transferred between prokaryotic cells.
Conjugation
- In bacteria, DNA transfer is one-way, from a donor cell to a recipient cell.
- A donor cell attaches to a recipient by a pilus, pulls it closer, and transfers DNA.
- The F factor is required for the production of pili.
Metabolism and Nutrition
- Prokaryotes can be categorized by how they obtain energy and carbon:
- Phototrophs obtain energy from light.
- Chemotrophs obtain energy from chemicals.
- Autotrophs require CO2 as a carbon source.
- Heterotrophs require an organic nutrient to make organic compounds.
Nutrition Modes
- Energy and carbon sources are combined to give four major modes of nutrition.
Nitrogen Metabolism
- Nitrogen is essential for the production of amino acids and nucleic acids.
- In nitrogen fixation, some prokaryotes convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3).
- In the cyanobacterium Anabaena, photosynthetic cells and nitrogen-fixing cells called heterocysts exchange metabolic products.
Prokaryotic Metabolism
- Obligate aerobes require O2 for cellular respiration.
- Obligate anaerobes are poisoned by O2 and use fermentation or anaerobic respiration.
- Facultative anaerobes can survive with or without O2.
Prokaryotic Diversity
Domain Archaea
- Archaea share certain traits with bacteria and other traits with eukaryotes.
- Some archaea live in extreme environments and are called extremophiles.
- Extreme halophiles live in highly saline environments.
- Extreme thermophiles thrive in very hot environments.
- Methanogens produce methane as a waste product.
Domain Bacteria
- Proteobacteria include photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, and heterotrophs.
- Some proteobacteria are anaerobic, and others are aerobic.
- Chlamydia are parasites that live only within animal cells.
- Spirochetes are helical heterotrophs.
- Cyanobacteria are photoautotrophs that generate O2.
- Gram-positive bacteria include actinomycetes, Bacillus anthracis, Clostridium botulinum, and some Staphylococcus and Streptococcus.
Ecological Importance
- Prokaryotes play a major role in the recycling of chemical elements between the living and nonliving components of ecosystems.
- Chemoheterotrophic prokaryotes function as decomposers, breaking down dead organisms and waste products.
- Prokaryotes can increase the availability of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium for plant growth.
Symbiosis
- Symbiosis is an ecological relationship in which two species live in close contact: a larger host and smaller symbiont.
- Some prokaryotes have fimbriae, which allow them to stick to their substrate or other individuals in a colony.
- Pili (or sex pili) are longer than fimbriae and allow prokaryotes to exchange DNA.
Locomotion
- Many bacteria exhibit taxis, the ability to move toward or away from a stimulus.
- Chemotaxis is the movement toward or away from a chemical stimulus.
- Most motile bacteria propel themselves by flagella scattered about the surface or concentrated at one or both ends.
- Bacterial flagella are composed of a motor, hook, and filament.
Internal Organization
- Prokaryotic cells usually lack complex compartmentalization.
- Some prokaryotes have in-foldings of the plasma membrane that perform metabolic functions.
- Most of the genome consists of a circular chromosome located in the nucleoid region.
- Some species of bacteria also have smaller rings of DNA called plasmids.
Prokaryotic Reproduction
- Bacteria are small and reproduce by binary fission (1-3 hours).
- They have short generation times.
- Many prokaryotes form metabolically inactive endospores, which can remain viable in harsh conditions for centuries.
- Three factors contribute to genetic diversity in bacteria: rapid reproduction, mutation, and genetic recombination.
- Rapid reproduction and mutation allow for rapid evolution.
- Genetic recombination through conjugation, transduction, and transformation increases genetic diversity in bacteria.
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Description
This quiz covers the different methods of genetic recombination in bacteria, including transformation, transduction, horizontal gene transfer, and conjugation.
