Genetic Mutations and Molecular Genetics

What is the function of tRNA during translation?

Bring amino acids to the ribosome

Where is the anticodon region located on a tRNA molecule?

At one end of the tRNA molecule

What is the role of codons in mRNA?

Code for specific amino acids

Which codon serves as the start codon for protein synthesis?

AUG Signup and view all the answers

How many possible codons exist in the genetic code?

64 Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a stop codon is reached during translation?

Protein synthesis stops and chain is released Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of frameshift mutations?

Alteration of the reading frame of the genetic code Signup and view all the answers

What do Insertions and Deletions (Indels) involve?

Addition or removal of one or more nucleotides in the DNA sequence Signup and view all the answers

What do geneticists who specialize in studying genes and DNA focus on?

Genetic inheritance and expression Signup and view all the answers

How can genetic engineering benefit agriculture?

Modifying crops to be resistant to pests and diseases Signup and view all the answers

What is one application of genetic engineering in medicine?

Producing important drugs like insulin for diabetes Signup and view all the answers

How is genetic engineering applied in biotechnology?

Creating organisms for pollution cleanup and material production Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of gene expression profiling?

Understanding disease mechanisms Signup and view all the answers

How does Sanger sequencing work?

It involves incorporating chain-terminating nucleotides to determine the sequence. Signup and view all the answers

What are oncogenes primarily responsible for?

Promoting cell growth and division when mutated or activated Signup and view all the answers

Which DNA sequencing technique allows for the fastest and most cost-effective sequencing?

Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) Signup and view all the answers

What is the key advantage of Third-Generation Sequencing technologies like single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing?

Longer read lengths and reduced sample preparation requirements Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of genetic makeup do techniques like DNA sequencing help scientists understand?

Both chromosomal rearrangements and gene expression patterns Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of sickle cell anemia?

Abnormal hemoglobin Signup and view all the answers

Which laboratory technique is used to detect specific proteins in a sample of tissue or cell lysate?

Western blotting Signup and view all the answers

What do tumor suppressor genes help regulate?

Cell growth and division Signup and view all the answers

What is the inheritance pattern of sickle cell anemia?

Autosomal recessive Signup and view all the answers

Which system can cystic fibrosis (CF) also affect, besides the respiratory system?

Reproductive system Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle on which gel electrophoresis relies?

Molecular weight and charge Signup and view all the answers

Where does translation take place in the cell?

Cytoplasm Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of tRNA molecules in translation?

Bind to the mRNA molecule Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the process of translation?

Initiation complex at start codon Signup and view all the answers

What happens during elongation in translation?

Polypeptide chain elongates Signup and view all the answers

When does termination occur in translation?

When a stop codon is encountered Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a release factor during translation termination?

Cause release of polypeptide chain Signup and view all the answers