Genetic Engineering Techniques and Tools

A powerful tool for precise genetic editing, CRISPR-Cas9 acts like molecular scissors that cut through the genome at specific locations based on a guide RNA sequence. This precise targeting allows for targeted gene modification.

A method used to separate and analyze DNA fragments based on their size. It employs an electric current to move DNA fragments through a gel matrix, with smaller fragments migrating faster than larger ones.

A specific type of enzyme that cleaves DNA at specific sites known as restriction sites. Restriction enzymes are essential tools in genetic engineering, enabling precise cutting of DNA for cloning and gene manipulation.

A small, circular piece of DNA that replicates independently within a host cell. Plasmids serve as vectors in genetic engineering, carrying foreign genes into cells and allowing for gene expression and modification.

A technique that amplifies specific DNA sequences from a sample, allowing for the generation of millions of copies. It involves repeated cycles of denaturation, annealing, and extension, enabling efficient replication of target DNA.

A technique used to transfer specific genes into a host cell, allowing for the expression and study of these genes within a new environment. Commonly employed in genetic engineering and biotechnology for various research and therapeutic purposes.

A crucial step in genetic engineering that involves cutting DNA at specific sites, often employing restriction enzymes. Targeted cleavage allows for the insertion or deletion of genes, manipulating the genetic makeup of an organism.

A process involving the manipulation of an organism's GENETIC MATERIAL, leading to modifications in its DNA sequence. These changes can impact an organism's traits and characteristics, altering its phenotype.

The process of removing unwanted cellular components from a sample, leaving only the desired biologicals, such as DNA or specific gene fragments.

A technique used to insert a desired gene into a bacterial plasmid, creating recombinant DNA.

The process of combining the inserted gene with the bacterial plasmid's DNA strand, forming a new DNA molecule.

Organisms that have been genetically modified to introduce new traits or enhance existing ones.

A type of GMO rice fortified with beta-carotene, which the body converts to vitamin A, addressing vitamin A deficiency.

A type of GMO corn engineered to produce insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (BT), making it resistant to insect pests.

A type of GMO tomato enriched with anthocyanin, a pigment that provides vitamin D and antioxidants, particularly beneficial in areas with limited sunlight.

A type of biopesticide derived from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), safe and effective against specific pests.

A powerful molecular tool used to cut and splice specific genes in a genome, allowing for targeted genetic modification.

The process of using genetic engineering to introduce new genes or modify existing ones in animals to enhance desired traits or study specific biological processes.

A technique that uses green fluorescent protein (GFP) from jellyfish to visualize and track specific cells, proteins, or processes within living organisms.

A large-scale project aimed at determining the complete sequence of human DNA, providing insights into genetic diseases and human evolution.

Cells with the potential to differentiate into various cell types, offering therapeutic possibilities for treating diseases and injuries.

Rare blood clotting disorder caused by a mutation in a gene responsible for blood clotting factors.

A genetic condition causing progressive brain degeneration, affecting cognitive abilities.

A group of developmental disorders impacting social interaction, communication, and behavior.

A genetic condition caused by a fragile X chromosome, primarily affecting males.

A genetic disorder characterized by physical features like a flat face, slanted eyes, and broad hands.

A rare genetic condition that results in absent or partial limbs, with the feet attached directly to the trunk.

A genetic condition characterized by a deletion on chromosome #5, causing various physical and developmental challenges.

A genetic disorder caused by a defect on chromosome #15, impacting development and causing a variety of symptoms.

An evolutionary process where changes in allele frequencies within a population occur due to chance events.

A crucial process of changing DNA into RNA.