Genetic Engineering Overview

<p>Newly formed genetic mutations are not always removed by natural selection over generations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Age-related dysfunctions in weaker systems accelerate aging. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased fat and weight (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Compromised brain integrity due to reliance on autophagy and ketosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gluconeogenesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plant-based, micronutrient-rich, low-calorie, high-fat diet (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protein conservation phase and autophagy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Improved insulin sensitivity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Potential for muscle loss (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rebound effect (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reverse Transcriptase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By creating double-strand breaks (DSBs) at specific genomic locations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sickle cell disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased tissue rigidity due to increased cross-linking of extra-cellular matrix (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Damage from free radicals and other agents (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mutations that make the mitochondrion less functional and decrease ROS production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p><code>mev-1</code> mutant (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diminished regeneration and proliferation capacity of somatic and embryonic cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They insert a recombinant gene for a therapeutic effect. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It uses cells or tissues that have undergone biological characteristic changes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To enable a bacterium to produce a specific protein. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>gag (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It acts as a circular DNA that transports the gene into a bacterium. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Promoter activity for gene transcription (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It blocks the ATP binding-pocket of the BCR-ABL kinase. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Packaging the retroviral RNA genome into the viral capsid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through the transfer of a gene of interest into a transgenic animal. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RSV (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A recombinant protein therapeutic derived from a bacteria. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insertional mutagenesis and activation of cellular oncogenes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To repair, regenerate, or replace human tissues. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Psi sequence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To stably express gag, pol, and env proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Only the transgene (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rev (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recombination during manufacturing leading to RCL (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It intrinsically inactivates the vector during reverse transcription. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To complement the SIN deletion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Retroviral vectors integrate preferentially in hotspot MECOM, while lentiviral vectors do not. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their inactivation by complement when injected in-vivo. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Three plasmids, one for packaging, one containing <em>gag</em> and <em>pol</em>, and one containing <em>tet</em> and <em>rev</em>. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It promotes the active transfer of unspliced transcripts to cytoplasm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The modification of the virus to change or broaden its tropism. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent the activation of oncogenes near the integration site. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A type of medicine that involves inserting a recombinant gene into a patient's cells to treat, prevent, or diagnose a disease.

A type of medicine that uses cells or tissues that have been modified to cure, diagnose, or prevent diseases.

A type of medicine that uses modified cells or tissues to repair, regenerate, or replace damaged human tissue.

A process that involves isolating a gene, inserting it into a plasmid (circular DNA), and introducing the recombinant DNA into bacteria for protein production.

Plants that have been genetically modified to introduce new traits or improve existing ones.

Animals that have been genetically modified to transfer the gene of interest for research purposes like understanding gene function and development.

A type of therapy that aims to correct genetic defects by altering the DNA sequence directly.

A type of therapy that involves using viruses to deliver therapeutic genes to target cells.

The theory proposes that aging is caused by the progressive shortening of telomeres, protective caps on the ends of chromosomes, as cells divide. With each division, telomeres shorten, eventually leading to cellular senescence and reduced division capacity.

This theory suggests aging is driven by the accumulation of damaged proteins within cells. These damaged proteins can disrupt cellular processes and contribute to age-related diseases.

This theory states that genes with beneficial effects during early life may have negative consequences later on. These genes may increase reproductive success but also increase the risk of age-related decline.

This theory attributes aging to the accumulation of random mutations in our DNA over time. These mutations can disrupt cellular processes and contribute to age-related decline.

This theory proposes that aging is linked to metabolic rate. Organisms with higher metabolic rates tend to have shorter lifespans, while those with slower metabolisms live longer.

A group of retroviruses known for their foamy appearance under a microscope.

The basic structure of a retrovirus genome, consisting of three essential genes: gag, pol, and env.

A protein encoded by the gag gene, crucial for forming the viral capsid and binding to the viral RNA.

A protein encoded by the pol gene, responsible for the viral protease, reverse transcriptase, and integrase activities.

A protein encoded by the env gene, forming the viral envelope that allows the virus to enter host cells.

A region in the retrovirus genome with promoter activity, essential for transcription and replication after integration.

A region in the retrovirus genome that signals for packaging the viral RNA into the capsid during replication.

A type of retrovirus that can cause cancer by activating cellular oncogenes or inserting into tumor suppressor genes.

A dietary strategy involving a consistent reduction in caloric intake, typically by 25-30%, to promote health and longevity.

A state reached during prolonged caloric restriction where the body shifts to using stored fat for energy and conserves muscle protein. This involves increased autophagy and a reliance on gluconeogenesis.

The process of breaking down and recycling damaged or worn-out cellular components, important in maintaining cellular health and promoting longevity.

A dietary approach where calorie intake is restricted within a specific timeframe, typically allowing food consumption only for 8-10 hours per day, with a fast lasting 16-14 hours.

A type of time-restricted eating that involves a period of fasting for 16 hours, followed by an 8-hour eating window, promoting a metabolic shift towards fat burning and protein preservation.

A type of time-restricted eating involving 1-2 days of complete fasting per week, with regular meals on other days.

A planned dietary intervention that mimics the physiological effects of fasting, involving a low-calorie, plant-based diet rich in micronutrients, potentially promoting cellular regeneration and reducing disease risk.

A therapeutic approach using nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) to correct genetic defects or introduce new genetic material into cells, potentially for treating diseases or improving health.

Special enzymes that can be programmed to cut DNA at specific locations. They are essential for gene editing.

A type of programmable nuclease that recognizes a specific DNA sequence and cuts there to make a double-stranded break.

Programmable nucleases made of DNA-binding domains called zinc fingers and a DNA-cutting domain. These domains can be customized to target specific DNA sequences.

A type of programmable nuclease that uses two proteins: a DNA-binding protein and a DNA-cutting domain. The DNA-binding domain targets specific DNA sequences, and the nuclease cuts the DNA at that location.

A revolutionary gene editing technology that uses a guide RNA (gRNA) to target specific DNA sequences. Cas9 is a protein that acts as a 'scissors', cutting the DNA at the target location.

A progressive decline in the body's ability to function, leading to increased vulnerability to diseases and death.

A scientific field that studies the biological mechanisms of ageing and aims to understand how these mechanisms can be targeted to slow down the ageing process and improve healthspan.

The use of specific envelope proteins to increase the efficiency of a vector to target specific cell types, resulting in broader tropism.

A type of RNA virus with a complex genetic organization, including: gag, pol, env genes; accessory genes encoding proteins for specific functions; and the Rev protein for efficient long mRNA transfer.

A common strategy to modify lentiviruses for use as gene delivery vehicles, involving the replacement of viral genes with therapeutic genes.

The first generation of lentiviral vectors, characterized by the use of three plasmids: one packaging plasmid and two others carrying tet, rev, and gag, pol genes. Safety concerns: higher chance of recombination generating replication-competent viruses.

Second generation lentiviral vectors, still using three plasmids but separating the tet, rev, and gag, pol genes into two. Safety improvements: lower chance of recombination.

The third generation lentiviral vector, utilizing four plasmids for better safety and efficiency. It contains separate plasmids for rev, gag, pol, and no tet. It includes a self-inactivating (SIN) deletion to reduce replication.

A specific promoter is crucial for the successful function of the self-inactivating (SIN) deletion in third-generation vectors, as it prevents the activation of oncogenes near the integration site.

Unlike retroviruses, lentiviruses can infect non-dividing cells through an active transport system.

Lentiviral vectors integrate with lower preference compared to retroviruses, minimizing the risk of leukemic events.

Lentiviral vectors, when injected in vivo, can infect non-dividing cells, leading to their inactivation by the complement system. This limits their application in vivo, making ex vivo gene therapy (specifically for epithelial cells) a more favorable approach.