Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is Genetic Engineering?
Artificially copying a piece of DNA from one organism and joining this copy
into the DNA of another organism
It is the direct manipulation of an organism’s
genome using modern DNA technology
Also called Genetic modification
A genome is the entirety of an organism’s
hereditary information
It is the simple addition, deletion, or
manipulation of a single trait in an organism
to create a desired change.
Autoluminograph of a
glowing transgenic Tobacco
plant bearing the luciferase
gene of the firefly
What is Genetic Engineering?
Daniel Nathans and Hamilton
Smith received the 1978 Nobel
Prize in physiology or medicine for
their isolation of restriction
endonucleases, which are able to
cut DNA at specific sites.
Together with ligase, which can
join fragments of DNA together,
restriction enzymes formed the
initial basis of recombinant DNA
technology.
What is Genetic Engineering?
Genetic engineering means that DNA from different organisms can be combined
The modification of the characteristics of an organism by manipulating its genetic
material (DNA)
The science of changing the DNA of a plant or animal to produce desirable
characteristics
It allows genes from one organism to be inserted into a cell of a different organism of
a different species.
The technology used to genetically manipulate living cells to produce new chemicals
or perform new functions.
Example:
Bacteria can be engineered to produce human proteins (such as, Insulin)
Human genes can be inserted into cells from other animals
Plants or animals with desirable characteristics (such as, fast growth and unusually
large size)
What are GMOs?
Genetically Modified organisms are also called transgenic
organisms; since genes are transferred from one organism to another.
It means that bits of genes from different living things have been
bolted together and spliced into another organism to make a new
one that does something which the scientists want it to do.
Example: Bacteria that produce human insulin
'Trans-' means 'crossing from one place to another‘
The '-genic' bit means genes
Organisms created by genetic engineering are called
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs).
What is GEO?
GEO- Genetically Enhanced Organism
For example:
Plants that resist a particular type of weed killer
Sheep makes some special substance in its milk.
Genetic Timeline
Applications of Genetic
Engineering
Golden Rice – a possible solution to Vitamin A deficiency
(https://www.irri.org/golden-rice)
Glo fish to help detect environmental pollutants
Bt corn, Bt Brinjal
Weedkiller resistant crops
GM potato
Vaccine production
Flavr Savr tomato
Production of Humulin (insulin), Growth hormone, erythropoietin, factor
IX, interferons, interleukins, tissue plasminogen activator
Golden Rice
Applications of Genetic
Engineering
Gene pharming is a technology that scientists use to alter an animal's own
DNA, or to splice in new DNA (a transgene) from another species.
In pharming, these genetically modified (transgenic) animals are mostly used to
make human proteins that have medicinal value. The protein encoded by the
transgene is secreted into the animal's milk, eggs or blood, and then collected
and purified.
Tracy the sheep was the first transgenic farm mammal ever created for the
purpose of gene pharming. She was created from a zygote genetically engineered
through DNA injection.
To produce milk containing large quantities of the human enzyme alpha- 1
antitrypsin, a substance regarded in the 1990s as a potential pharmaceutical for the
treatments of cystic fibrosis and emphysema.
Alpha 1-antitrypsin comprised 50% of the total protein in Tracy's milk. Similar
levels were detected in the milk produced by her granddaughters.
Applications of Genetic
Engineering
Gene Therapy involves modifying human DNA either to repair it or to
replace a faulty gene. The idea of gene therapy is to overcome the effects of
a mutation that causes a genetic disease.
Cystic fibrosis is the best-known disease where gene therapy has been tried.
(https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/cystic-fibrosis)
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9592762/)
Applications of Genetic
Engineering
Genetic engineering can produce very specific and sensitive diagnostic
tests for many diseases, using engineered proteins. This technology is
opening up novel ways of delivering medicines to specific targets.
Genetically engineered microbes can be used to produce the antigens
needed in a safe and controllable way.
The use of genetically modified yeast cells to produce a vaccine against
the hepatitis B virus has been a major success story
(https://academic.oup.com/femsyr/article/19/2/foz007/5298404)
Basic Steps of Genetic
Engineering
Isolation
Cutting
Ligation and Insertion
Transformation
Expression and Selection
Cloning
Basic Steps of Genetic
Engineering
Isolation:
-
Isolation of a specific gene from the donor
-
Isolation of plasmid from a bacterial cell
Cutting:
- Restriction enzymes act as molecular scissors and cut both donor
and plasmid DNA at specific sites (called restriction sites)
Ligation and Insertion:
- Donor DNA (gene of interest) is ligated to plasmid DNA to make
recombinant plasmid which is then inserted into the bacterial cell for
expression
Basic Steps of Genetic
Engineering
Cutting:
- Restriction enzymes act as molecular scissors and cut both donor
and plasmid DNA at specific sites (called restriction sites)
Ligation and Insertion:
- Donor DNA (gene of interest) is ligated to plasmid DNA to make
recombinant plasmid which is then inserted into the bacterial cell for
expression
Basic Steps of Genetic
Engineering
Ligation and Insertion:
- Donor DNA (gene of interest) is ligated to plasmid DNA to make
recombinant plasmid which is then inserted into the bacterial cell for
expression
Basic Steps of Genetic
Engineering
Expression & Selection:
- Bacteria with the Recombinant DNA are separated/ selected
Cloning:
- Large amounts of bacteria containing recombinant plasmid
are grown in separate cultures. The transformed bacteria produce the
desired protein. When the protein is produced in large amounts it is
isolated and purified.
Not all transgenic bacteria will express the
Recombinat DNA
Basic Steps of Genetic
Engineering
Cloning:
- Large amounts of bacteria containing recombinant plasmid
are grown in separate cultures. The transformed bacteria produce the
desired protein. When the protein is produced in large amounts it is
isolated and purified.
CLONING of
positiovely
selected bacteria
Basic Steps of Genetic
What is Genetic Engineering?
Artificially copying a piece of DNA from one organism and joining this copy
into the DNA of another organism
It is the direct manipulation of an organism’s genome using modern DNA technology
Also called Genetic modification
A genome is the entirety of an organism’s hereditary information
It is the simple addition, deletion, or manipulation of a single trait in an organism to create a desired change.
Autoluminograph of a glowing transgenic Tobacco
plant bearing the luciferase gene of the firefly
What is Genetic Engineering?
Daniel Nathans and Hamilton Smith received the 1978 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for their isolation of restriction endonucleases, which are able to cut DNA at specific sites.
Together with ligase, which can join fragments of DNA together, restriction enzymes formed the initial basis of recombinant DNA technology.
What is Genetic Engineering?
Genetic engineering means that DNA from different organisms can be combined
The modification of the characteristics of an organism by manipulating its genetic material (DNA)
The science of changing the DNA of a plant or animal to produce desirable characteristics
It allows genes from one organism to be inserted into a cell of a different organism of a different species.
The technology used to genetically manipulate living cells to produce new chemicals or perform new functions.
Example:
Bacteria can be engineered to produce human proteins (such as, Insulin)
Human genes can be inserted into cells from other animals
Plants or animals with desirable characteristics (such as, fast growth and unusually large size)
What are GMOs?
Genetically Modified organisms are also called transgenic
organisms; since genes are transferred from one organism to another.
It means that bits of genes from different living things have been bolted together and spliced into another organism to make a new one that does something which the scientists want it to do.
Example: Bacteria that produce human insulin
'Trans-' means 'crossing from one place to another‘
The '-genic' bit means genes
Organisms created by genetic engineering are called Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs).
What is GEO?
GEO- Genetically Enhanced Organism
For example:
Plants that resist a particular type of weed killer
Sheep makes some special substance in its milk.
Genetic Timeline
Applications of Genetic Engineering
Golden Rice – a possible solution to Vitamin A deficiency (https://www.irri.org/golden-rice)
Glo fish to help detect environmental pollutants
Bt corn, Bt Brinjal
Weedkiller resistant crops
GM potato
Vaccine production
Flavr Savr tomato
Production of Humulin (insulin), Growth hormone, erythropoietin, factor IX, interferons, interleukins, tissue plasminogen activator
Golden Rice
Applications of Genetic Engineering
Gene pharming is a technology that scientists use to alter an animal's own DNA, or to splice in new DNA (a transgene) from another species.
In pharming, these genetically modified (transgenic) animals are mostly used to make human proteins that have medicinal value. The protein encoded by the transgene is secreted into the animal's milk, eggs or blood, and then collected and purified.
Tracy the sheep was the first transgenic farm mammal ever created for the purpose of gene pharming. She was created from a zygote genetically engineered through DNA injection.
To produce milk containing large quantities of the human enzyme alpha- 1 antitrypsin, a substance regarded in the 1990s as a potential pharmaceutical for the treatments of cystic fibrosis and emphysema.
Alpha 1-antitrypsin comprised 50% of the total protein in Tracy's milk. Similar levels were detected in the milk produced by her granddaughters.
Applications of Genetic Engineering
Gene Therapy involves modifying human DNA either to repair it or to replace a faulty gene. The idea of gene therapy is to overcome the effects of a mutation that causes a genetic disease.
Cystic fibrosis is the best-known disease where gene therapy has been tried. (https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/cystic-fibrosis)
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9592762/)
Applications of Genetic Engineering
Genetic engineering can produce very specific and sensitive diagnostic tests for many diseases, using engineered proteins. This technology is opening up novel ways of delivering medicines to specific targets.
Genetically engineered microbes can be used to produce the antigens needed in a safe and controllable way.
The use of genetically modified yeast cells to produce a vaccine against the hepatitis B virus has been a major success story (https://academic.oup.com/femsyr/article/19/2/foz007/5298404)
Basic Steps of Genetic Engineering
Isolation
Cutting
Ligation and Insertion
Transformation
Expression and Selection
Cloning
Basic Steps of Genetic Engineering
Isolation:
-
Isolation of a specific gene from the donor
-
Isolation of plasmid from a bacterial cell
Cutting:
- Restriction enzymes act as molecular scissors and cut both donor and plasmid DNA at specific sites (called restriction sites)
Ligation and Insertion:
- Donor DNA (gene of interest) is ligated to plasmid DNA to make recombinant plasmid which is then inserted into the bacterial cell for expression
Basic Steps of Genetic Engineering
Cutting:
- Restriction enzymes act as molecular scissors and cut both donor and plasmid DNA at specific sites (called restriction sites)
Ligation and Insertion:
- Donor DNA (gene of interest) is ligated to plasmid DNA to make recombinant plasmid which is then inserted into the bacterial cell for expression
Basic Steps of Genetic Engineering
Ligation and Insertion:
- Donor DNA (gene of interest) is ligated to plasmid DNA to make recombinant plasmid which is then inserted into the bacterial cell for expression
Basic Steps of Genetic Engineering
Expression & Selection:
- Bacteria with the Recombinant DNA are separated/ selected
Cloning:
- Large amounts of bacteria containing recombinant plasmid are grown in separate cultures. The transformed bacteria produce the desired protein. When the protein is produced in large amounts it is isolated and purified.
Not all transgenic bacteria will express the
Recombinat DNA
Basic Steps of Genetic Engineering
Cloning:
- Large amounts of bacteria containing recombinant plasmid are grown in separate cultures. The transformed bacteria produce the desired protein. When the protein is produced in large amounts it is isolated and purified.
CLONING of positiovely selected bacteria
Basic Steps of Genetic
False
What is Genetic Engineering?
Artificially copying a piece of DNA from one organism and joining this copy
into the DNA of another organism
It is the direct manipulation of an organism’s
genome using modern DNA technology
Also called Genetic modification
A genome is the entirety of an organism’s
hereditary information
It is the simple addition, deletion, or
manipulation of a single trait in an organism
to create a desired change.
Autoluminograph of a
glowing transgenic Tobacco
plant bearing the luciferase
gene of the firefly
What is Genetic Engineering?
Daniel Nathans and Hamilton
Smith received the 1978 Nobel
Prize in physiology or medicine for
their isolation of restriction
endonucleases, which are able to
cut DNA at specific sites.
Together with ligase, which can
join fragments of DNA together,
restriction enzymes formed the
initial basis of recombinant DNA
technology.
What is Genetic Engineering?
Genetic engineering means that DNA from different organisms can be combined
The modification of the characteristics of an organism by manipulating its genetic
material (DNA)
The science of changing the DNA of a plant or animal to produce desirable
characteristics
It allows genes from one organism to be inserted into a cell of a different organism of
a different species.
The technology used to genetically manipulate living cells to produce new chemicals
or perform new functions.
Example:
Bacteria can be engineered to produce human proteins (such as, Insulin)
Human genes can be inserted into cells from other animals
Plants or animals with desirable characteristics (such as, fast growth and unusually
large size)
What are GMOs?
Genetically Modified organisms are also called transgenic
organisms; since genes are transferred from one organism to another.
It means that bits of genes from different living things have been
bolted together and spliced into another organism to make a new
one that does something which the scientists want it to do.
Example: Bacteria that produce human insulin
'Trans-' means 'crossing from one place to another‘
The '-genic' bit means genes
Organisms created by genetic engineering are called
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs).
What is GEO?
GEO- Genetically Enhanced Organism
For example:
Plants that resist a particular type of weed killer
Sheep makes some special substance in its milk.
Genetic Timeline
Applications of Genetic
Engineering
Golden Rice – a possible solution to Vitamin A deficiency
(https://www.irri.org/golden-rice)
Glo fish to help detect environmental pollutants
Bt corn, Bt Brinjal
Weedkiller resistant crops
GM potato
Vaccine production
Flavr Savr tomato
Production of Humulin (insulin), Growth hormone, erythropoietin, factor
IX, interferons, interleukins, tissue plasminogen activator
Golden Rice
Applications of Genetic
Engineering
Gene pharming is a technology that scientists use to alter an animal's own
DNA, or to splice in new DNA (a transgene) from another species.
In pharming, these genetically modified (transgenic) animals are mostly used to
make human proteins that have medicinal value. The protein encoded by the
transgene is secreted into the animal's milk, eggs or blood, and then collected
and purified.
Tracy the sheep was the first transgenic farm mammal ever created for the
purpose of gene pharming. She was created from a zygote genetically engineered
through DNA injection.
To produce milk containing large quantities of the human enzyme alpha- 1
antitrypsin, a substance regarded in the 1990s as a potential pharmaceutical for the
treatments of cystic fibrosis and emphysema.
Alpha 1-antitrypsin comprised 50% of the total protein in Tracy's milk. Similar
levels were detected in the milk produced by her granddaughters.
Applications of Genetic
Engineering
Gene Therapy involves modifying human DNA either to repair it or to
replace a faulty gene. The idea of gene therapy is to overcome the effects of
a mutation that causes a genetic disease.
Cystic fibrosis is the best-known disease where gene therapy has been tried.
(https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/cystic-fibrosis)
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9592762/)
Applications of Genetic
Engineering
Genetic engineering can produce very specific and sensitive diagnostic
tests for many diseases, using engineered proteins. This technology is
opening up novel ways of delivering medicines to specific targets.
Genetically engineered microbes can be used to produce the antigens
needed in a safe and controllable way.
The use of genetically modified yeast cells to produce a vaccine against
the hepatitis B virus has been a major success story
(https://academic.oup.com/femsyr/article/19/2/foz007/5298404)
Basic Steps of Genetic
Engineering
Isolation
Cutting
Ligation and Insertion
Transformation
Expression and Selection
Cloning
Basic Steps of Genetic
Engineering
Isolation:
-
Isolation of a specific gene from the donor
-
Isolation of plasmid from a bacterial cell
Cutting:
- Restriction enzymes act as molecular scissors and cut both donor
and plasmid DNA at specific sites (called restriction sites)
Ligation and Insertion:
- Donor DNA (gene of interest) is ligated to plasmid DNA to make
recombinant plasmid which is then inserted into the bacterial cell for
expression
Basic Steps of Genetic
Engineering
Cutting:
- Restriction enzymes act as molecular scissors and cut both donor
and plasmid DNA at specific sites (called restriction sites)
Ligation and Insertion:
- Donor DNA (gene of interest) is ligated to plasmid DNA to make
recombinant plasmid which is then inserted into the bacterial cell for
expression
Basic Steps of Genetic
Engineering
Ligation and Insertion:
- Donor DNA (gene of interest) is ligated to plasmid DNA to make
recombinant plasmid which is then inserted into the bacterial cell for
expression
Basic Steps of Genetic
Engineering
Expression & Selection:
- Bacteria with the Recombinant DNA are separated/ selected
Cloning:
- Large amounts of bacteria containing recombinant plasmid
are grown in separate cultures. The transformed bacteria produce the
desired protein. When the protein is produced in large amounts it is
isolated and purified.
Not all transgenic bacteria will express the
Recombinat DNA
Basic Steps of Genetic
Engineering
Cloning:
- Large amounts of bacteria containing recombinant plasmid
are grown in separate cultures. The transformed bacteria produce the
desired protein. When the protein is produced in large amounts it is
isolated and purified.
CLONING of
positiovely
selected bacteria
Basic Steps of Genetic
What is Genetic Engineering?
Artificially copying a piece of DNA from one organism and joining this copy
into the DNA of another organism
It is the direct manipulation of an organism’s genome using modern DNA technology
Also called Genetic modification
A genome is the entirety of an organism’s hereditary information
It is the simple addition, deletion, or manipulation of a single trait in an organism to create a desired change.
Autoluminograph of a glowing transgenic Tobacco
plant bearing the luciferase gene of the firefly
What is Genetic Engineering?
Daniel Nathans and Hamilton Smith received the 1978 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for their isolation of restriction endonucleases, which are able to cut DNA at specific sites.
Together with ligase, which can join fragments of DNA together, restriction enzymes formed the initial basis of recombinant DNA technology.
What is Genetic Engineering?
Genetic engineering means that DNA from different organisms can be combined
The modification of the characteristics of an organism by manipulating its genetic material (DNA)
The science of changing the DNA of a plant or animal to produce desirable characteristics
It allows genes from one organism to be inserted into a cell of a different organism of a different species.
The technology used to genetically manipulate living cells to produce new chemicals or perform new functions.
Example:
Bacteria can be engineered to produce human proteins (such as, Insulin)
Human genes can be inserted into cells from other animals
Plants or animals with desirable characteristics (such as, fast growth and unusually large size)
What are GMOs?
Genetically Modified organisms are also called transgenic
organisms; since genes are transferred from one organism to another.
It means that bits of genes from different living things have been bolted together and spliced into another organism to make a new one that does something which the scientists want it to do.
Example: Bacteria that produce human insulin
'Trans-' means 'crossing from one place to another‘
The '-genic' bit means genes
Organisms created by genetic engineering are called Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs).
What is GEO?
GEO- Genetically Enhanced Organism
For example:
Plants that resist a particular type of weed killer
Sheep makes some special substance in its milk.
Genetic Timeline
Applications of Genetic Engineering
Golden Rice – a possible solution to Vitamin A deficiency (https://www.irri.org/golden-rice)
Glo fish to help detect environmental pollutants
Bt corn, Bt Brinjal
Weedkiller resistant crops
GM potato
Vaccine production
Flavr Savr tomato
Production of Humulin (insulin), Growth hormone, erythropoietin, factor IX, interferons, interleukins, tissue plasminogen activator
Golden Rice
Applications of Genetic Engineering
Gene pharming is a technology that scientists use to alter an animal's own DNA, or to splice in new DNA (a transgene) from another species.
In pharming, these genetically modified (transgenic) animals are mostly used to make human proteins that have medicinal value. The protein encoded by the transgene is secreted into the animal's milk, eggs or blood, and then collected and purified.
Tracy the sheep was the first transgenic farm mammal ever created for the purpose of gene pharming. She was created from a zygote genetically engineered through DNA injection.
To produce milk containing large quantities of the human enzyme alpha- 1 antitrypsin, a substance regarded in the 1990s as a potential pharmaceutical for the treatments of cystic fibrosis and emphysema.
Alpha 1-antitrypsin comprised 50% of the total protein in Tracy's milk. Similar levels were detected in the milk produced by her granddaughters.
Applications of Genetic Engineering
Gene Therapy involves modifying human DNA either to repair it or to replace a faulty gene. The idea of gene therapy is to overcome the effects of a mutation that causes a genetic disease.
Cystic fibrosis is the best-known disease where gene therapy has been tried. (https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/cystic-fibrosis)
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9592762/)
Applications of Genetic Engineering
Genetic engineering can produce very specific and sensitive diagnostic tests for many diseases, using engineered proteins. This technology is opening up novel ways of delivering medicines to specific targets.
Genetically engineered microbes can be used to produce the antigens needed in a safe and controllable way.
The use of genetically modified yeast cells to produce a vaccine against the hepatitis B virus has been a major success story (https://academic.oup.com/femsyr/article/19/2/foz007/5298404)
Basic Steps of Genetic Engineering
Isolation
Cutting
Ligation and Insertion
Transformation
Expression and Selection
Cloning
Basic Steps of Genetic Engineering
Isolation:
-
Isolation of a specific gene from the donor
-
Isolation of plasmid from a bacterial cell
Cutting:
- Restriction enzymes act as molecular scissors and cut both donor and plasmid DNA at specific sites (called restriction sites)
Ligation and Insertion:
- Donor DNA (gene of interest) is ligated to plasmid DNA to make recombinant plasmid which is then inserted into the bacterial cell for expression
Basic Steps of Genetic Engineering
Cutting:
- Restriction enzymes act as molecular scissors and cut both donor and plasmid DNA at specific sites (called restriction sites)
Ligation and Insertion:
- Donor DNA (gene of interest) is ligated to plasmid DNA to make recombinant plasmid which is then inserted into the bacterial cell for expression
Basic Steps of Genetic Engineering
Ligation and Insertion:
- Donor DNA (gene of interest) is ligated to plasmid DNA to make recombinant plasmid which is then inserted into the bacterial cell for expression
Basic Steps of Genetic Engineering
Expression & Selection:
- Bacteria with the Recombinant DNA are separated/ selected
Cloning:
- Large amounts of bacteria containing recombinant plasmid are grown in separate cultures. The transformed bacteria produce the desired protein. When the protein is produced in large amounts it is isolated and purified.
Not all transgenic bacteria will express the
Recombinat DNA
Basic Steps of Genetic Engineering
Cloning:
- Large amounts of bacteria containing recombinant plasmid are grown in separate cultures. The transformed bacteria produce the desired protein. When the protein is produced in large amounts it is isolated and purified.
CLONING of positiovely selected bacteria
Basic Steps of Genetic
False
