Genetic Code and Translation Quiz

Genetic Code and Translation

• Understand how to read a table of the genetic code. The table will be provided.
• Understand the concepts of codons and how they are read.
• Recognize the parts of a transfer RNA (tRNA).
• Predict the amino acid a tRNA will carry by looking at its sequence.
• Understand how aminoacyl tRNA synthetases function.
• Understand base pairing between tRNA and messenger RNA (mRNA).
• Know the base pairing rules and wobble rules.
• Describe translation initiation in prokaryotes, including the process step-by-step.
  • Understand the Shine-Dalgarno sequence and its usage.
• Describe translation initiation in eukaryotes, including the process step-by-step.
  • Understand the role of the G-cap.
• Describe the steps of translation elongation using prokaryotic nomenclature.
  • Understand the roles of EF-Tu, peptidyl transferase, and EF-G.
  • Understand the A and P sites of the ribosome.
• Describe the steps of translation termination using prokaryotic nomenclature.
  • Understand the role of release factors.
  • Identify the stop codons.

Protein Trafficking and Gene Expression

• Describe how proteins are trafficked to their destinations in eukaryotic cells.
• Explain the difference between constitutive and regulated gene expression.
• Explain when gene expression is regulated and when it is most frequently regulated.
• Understand the roles of activators, repressors, inhibitors, corepressors, and inducers in gene regulation.
• Understand when the lac operon in E. coli is expressed.
• Differentiate between cis-acting and trans-acting mutations.
• Classify mutations as cis-acting, trans-acting, and/or polar.
• Describe how enhancer, silencer, and insulator sequences regulate transcription.
• Describe classic histone modifying proteins and how they change histones.
• Explain what a classic histone remodeling complex is and how it remodels chromatin.
• Explain the process of making DNA accessible for transcription in eukaryotes, considering histone modifications, chromatin remodeling, and activators/enhancers.
• Identify the most common DNA modification for gene expression regulation in eukaryotes and its effects on transcription.

Alternative Splicing, RNA Interference, and Mutations

• Explain how alternative splicing affects gene regulation.
• Describe RNA interference and its basic mechanism.
• Discuss the effect of RNA interference on transcription in eukaryotes.
• Define point mutations, transitions, and transversions.
• Understand silent, missense, nonsense, and frameshift mutations.
• Explain why mutations in noncoding DNA can be detrimental.
• Understand the differences between forward, reverse, reversion, and suppressor mutations.
• Define spontaneous mutations.
• Describe common types of spontaneous mutations (e.g., tautomerization of bases).
• Explain proofreading by DNA polymerase.

DNA Damage and Repair, Cloning

• Explain how UV light damages DNA.
• Describe the repair system to reverse UV light damage.
• Identify chemicals that induce oxidative deamination in DNA.
• Describe restriction endonucleases and their recognition sites.
• Explain the process of molecular cloning.

Barriers to Gene Expression in Prokaryotes.

• Explain the barriers to expressing a mammalian gene in a prokaryotic cell.
• Explain how to overcome these barriers to express a mammalian gene in a prokaryotic cell.

Test your knowledge on the genetic code and the translation process in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. This quiz covers key concepts such as codons, tRNA structure, and the roles of various factors in translation initiation, elongation, and termination. Engage with questions that will help solidify your understanding of this essential biological process.