Study Guide Exam 5 PDF

Study guide exam 5 1. Understand how to read a table of the genetic code. The table will be provided for you. 2. Understand the concepts of codons and how they are read. 3. Be able to recognize the parts of a tRNA. 4. Be able to predict what amino acid a tRNA will carry by looking...

Study guide exam 5 1. Understand how to read a table of the genetic code. The table will be provided for you. 2. Understand the concepts of codons and how they are read. 3. Be able to recognize the parts of a tRNA. 4. Be able to predict what amino acid a tRNA will carry by looking at the tRNA sequence 5. What do (amino acyl) tRNA synthetases do? 6. Understand how basepairing occurs between a tRNA and an mRNA. - What are the basepairing rules? What are the standard wobble rules and where can they occur? 7. How is translation initiated in prokaryotes? - How does it occur step by step? - What is the Shine-Dalgarno sequence? How is it used? 8. How is translation initiated in eukaryotes? - How does it occur step by step? - What is the role of the G-cap? 9. What are the steps of elongation of translation (using prokaryotic nomenclature)? - How does it occur step by step? - What is the role of EF-TU, peptidyl transferase, and EF-G? - What are the A and P sites of the ribosome and how are they used? 10. What are the steps of termination of translation (using prokaryotic nomenclature)? - How does it occur step by step? - What is the role of release factors? - What are the stop codons? 11. How are proteins trafficked to their destinations in eukaryotic cells? 12. Explain the difference between constitutive and regulated gene expression. 13. When can gene expression be regulated? When is it most often regulated? 14. Understand what activators, repressors, inhibitors, corepressors, and inducers are. Understand what their roles are in gene regulation. 15. During what conditions is the lac operon of E. coli expressed? - Why is it only expressed during these conditions? - How is it only expressed during these conditions? 16. Differentiate between ci-acting and trans-acting mutations. Be able to classify a described mutation as cis- acting, trans-acting, and/or polar. 17. In what ways can the sequences of enhancers, silencers, and insulators be used to regulate transcription? 18. What are classic histone modifying proteins and how are the histones changed? 19. What is a classic histone remodeling complex and how is the chromatin remodeled by it? 20. What are the steps for making DNA available for transcription in eukaryotes? Consider histone modifications, chromatin remodeling, activators, enhancers, etc. 21. What is the more common DNA modification that can regulation gene expression in eukaryotes? What affect (positive or negative) does it have on transcription? 22. How can the process of alternative splicing affect gene regulation? 23. What is RNA interference? What is the basic mechanism for how it works? What is the effect on transcription in eukaryotes? 24. Know what a point mutation is and what transition and transversions are. 25. Understand the differences between silent, missense, nonsense, or frameshift mutations. 26. Understand how and why mutations in noncoding DNA can be detrimental. 27. Understand the difference between forward, reverse, reversion, and suppressor mutations. 28. What is a spontaneous mutation? - What are the most common types of spontaneous mutations? 29. What is tautomerization of bases? - When does this cause mutations? 30. What is proofreading by DNA polymerase? 31. How does UV light damage DNA? - What repair system can reverse the damage by UV light and how does it work? 32. What chemical can induce the rate of oxidative deamination to DNA? 33. What are restriction endonucleases? Be able to identify if a sequence could be recognized by a restriction endonuclease. 34. What are the steps in the process of molecular cloning? 35. What are the barriers for expressing a mammalian gene in a prokaryotic cell? What is the way some of these barriers could be overcome?