Genetic Code and Translation: Chapter 15

What is the primary concept introduced by the 'one gene, one enzyme' hypothesis?

In the context of the 'one gene, one polypeptide' hypothesis, which statement best describes the relationship between a gene and a polypeptide?

What is the primary utility of using Neurospora in Beadle and Tatum's experiments?

What is the key characteristic of auxotrophic mutants that makes them useful in genetic studies?

In a biochemical pathway, if a mutant strain can grow when supplemented with compound C but not with compound A or B, what can be inferred about the role of compound C?

What is the significance of the primary structure of a protein in determining its overall structure?

Which of the following is an accurate description of synonymous codons?

What defines isoaccepting tRNAs?

What is the role of the wobble hypothesis in genetic translation?

Which of the following codons typically serves as the initiation codon for protein synthesis?

Which event signals the termination of translation?

What is the role of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in protein synthesis?

To which end of the tRNA molecule do amino acids attach?

What is the function of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in bacterial mRNA?

How does the Kozak sequence in eukaryotic mRNA influence translation?

During elongation, what is the role of the EF-Tu (elongation factor Tu) protein?

During translation elongation, which site on the ribosome does a tRNA molecule first bind to (excluding the initiator tRNA)?

Elongation factor G (EF-G) facilitates which step in translation?

During translation termination, what directly recognizes the stop codon?

What is a polyribosome (or polysome)?

What is a key function of tmRNA in bacteria?

What is the structural level most directly determined by the sequence of amino acids?

Which of the following is NOT a stop codon?

If a mutation occurs that alters the anticodon sequence of a tRNA, what is the most likely consequence?

What part of the ribosome catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids?

What would likely happen if a cell's aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase for alanine (Ala) started attaching glycine (Gly) to the tRNAs that are supposed to carry alanine?

A mutation in a bacterial cell results in a non-functional initiation factor 3 (IF3). What is the most likely consequence?

Consider a eukaryotic mRNA that lacks a proper termination codon due to a mutation. What is the likely fate of the ribosome translating such mRNA?

If the sequence of bases along an mRNA molecule is 5'-AUG-CCU-GAC-3', what sequence of tRNA anticodons would bind to it?

What would happen if a mutation caused a tRNA to lose its amino acid attachment site?

Which of the following components is NOT directly involved in the termination of translation?

In eukaryotes, where does translation typically occur?

According to the wobble hypothesis, if a tRNA anticodon has the base inosine (I) at its 5' end, which mRNA codons can it recognize?

What is the role of GTP (guanosine triphosphate) in translation?

What prevents tRNAs from binding to the A site of the ribosome?

In Beadle and Tatum's experiments, how would a mutant that requires arginine for growth be classified based on its ability to grow on different supplemented media?

How does the concept of 'one gene, one polypeptide' differ from the earlier 'one gene, one enzyme' hypothesis?

In studying a metabolic pathway, you identify a mutant strain that can grow when supplemented with compound D, but not with compounds A, B, or C. Assuming D is the final product, what does this suggest about the metabolic block?

If a protein consists of multiple subunits, each encoded by a different gene, which level of protein structure describes the arrangement of these subunits?

Considering the structure of amino acids, what chemical linkage is responsible for creating the primary structure of a protein?

Which of the following is the most direct consequence of the degeneracy of the genetic code?

How do synonymous codons contribute to the efficiency and robustness of translation?

What is the functional significance of isoaccepting tRNAs in the process of translation?

According to the wobble hypothesis, what is the minimum number of tRNAs theoretically required to recognize all codons for a specific amino acid that is specified by six different codons?

How does the initiation codon, AUG, contribute to maintaining the correct reading frame during translation?

During translation, what would be the most immediate effect if a cell lacked release factors?

What could be a consequence of a mutation that impairs the function of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases?

What determines the specificity of a tRNA molecule for a particular amino acid?

How does the Shine-Dalgarno sequence ensure the correct initiation of translation in bacteria?

How would translation be affected in eukaryotic cells if the Kozak sequence were mutated such that it no longer effectively binds initiation factors?

What is the role of EF-Tu (elongation factor Tu) in the elongation phase of translation?

What event during translation elongation is facilitated by elongation factor G (EF-G)?

During translation termination, what directly recognizes the stop codon in the mRNA sequence?

What is the role of a polysome (or polyribosome) in protein synthesis?

What unique function does tmRNA perform when a bacterial ribosome stalls due to mRNA damage or a missing stop codon?

If the sequence of bases along an mRNA molecule is 5'-AUG-CCU-GAC-3', what amino acid sequence will be produced?

If a tRNA normally carrying alanine (Ala) is mistakenly charged with glycine (Gly) by an altered aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, what would be the most immediate consequence during translation?

What is compromised by mutation of a bacterial cell that results in a non-functional initiation factor 3 (IF3)?

What typically happens to a eukaryotic mRNA that lacks a proper termination codon due to a mutation?

What is the likely effect if a mutation caused a tRNA to lose its amino acid attachment site?

What is the primary role of GTP (guanosine triphosphate) in the process of translation?

In the experiment conducted by Nirenberg and Matthaei to decipher the genetic code, what was the significance of using homopolymers (e.g., poly-U) in a cell-free translation system?

What aspect of the tRNA structure is critical for proper function during translation?

During the initiation of translation in bacterial cells, the small ribosomal subunit initially binds to which specific region of the mRNA?

What is the functional significance of the poly(A) tail present in eukaryotic mRNA during the initiation of translation?

In a polyribosome complex, which of the following characteristics would typically be observed?

How does the presence of a premature stop codon in an mRNA molecule typically affect translation and mRNA stability in eukaryotes?

What role do molecular chaperones play in post-translational modification of proteins?

During translation what step is affected due to antibiotics?