Sect 6 Quiz Easy

The 'tails' of histone proteins, which extend out from the core histone octamer and can be chemically modified.

Highly condensed chromatin, usually inactive.

Less condensed chromatin, generally active in transcription.

Enzymes that remove acetyl groups from histone tails, promoting chromatin condensation.

Adding methyl groups to histone tails, impacting chromatin structure and gene activity.

The process of packaging DNA to form more compact structures.

A protein domain that binds to methylated histone tails.

A protein that binds to methylated histone H3 (Lysine 9), promoting heterochromatin formation.

Regions in chromosomes where non-histone proteins block heterochromatin spreading.

Protein domains that recognize and bind to acetylated histone tails.

The study of changes in gene expression caused by modifications, not changes in the DNA sequence.

The specific combination of chemical modifications (methylation, acetylation) on histone tails that influence gene expression.

The entire nucleic acid sequence needed to make a functional gene product (protein or RNA).

Genes in prokaryotes are typically continuous/uninterrupted.

Genes in eukaryotes often have non-coding regions (introns) within them

Parts of a gene with the sequence of nucleotides needed to construct the proteins

DNA sequence that does not code for protein.

Coding regions within a eukaryote gene.

Non-coding regions within a eukaryote gene.

The complex of DNA, proteins, and other molecules that make up chromosomes.

Structures carrying genetic information in cells.

The specific combination of modifications (methylation, acetylation).

Study of genomes of different species.

Genes related by duplication within the same species.

Genes in different species that evolved from a common ancestor.

Heritable changes in gene expression without changes to the DNA sequence.

The complete DNA sequence needed to produce a functional RNA or protein.

Part of the gene that codes for amino acid sequence in proteins.

Region in gene that controls the process of making RNA from DNA.

Prokaryotic genes are continuous, without introns.

Eukaryotic Genes include introns (non-coding regions) interrupting the coding sequence.

A single transcriptional unit (in prokaryotes) that encodes multiple proteins.

mRNA that directs the synthesis of a single polypeptide chain.

mRNA that encodes multiple polypeptide chains from a single transcript.

Non-coding regions within a eukaryotic gene.

Coding regions within a eukaryotic gene.

DNA sequences that do not code for proteins.

The amount of DNA doesn't always match evolutionary relationships (phylogeny) among eukaryotes.

Eukaryotic protein-coding regions (exons) are typically 50-200 base pairs long, except the 3' end, which are often longer.

Eukaryotic non-coding regions (introns) have varying lengths, with a median of 3.3 kilobases.

About half of human genomic DNA is transcribed into pre-mRNA, but 95% of those sequences reside in introns, which get removed during splicing.

Eukaryotic DNA contains repetitive sequences besides protein-coding genes.

6% of the human genome, composed of short, repeated sequences.

Short DNA sequences (1-500 bp) repeated in long tandem arrays, often found in centromeres and telomeres.

A type of satellite DNA with repeats of 1-13 base pairs.

Microsatellites that have become larger (due to daughter-strand slippage) and linked to diseases.

In most animals, mitochondria are inherited solely from the mother.

Mitochondrial DNA; a small circular DNA molecule present in mitochondria.

A cell containing a mixture of both normal and mutated mitochondrial DNA.

A disease caused by mutations in mtDNA, leading to optic nerve degeneration and eventual blindness.

Traits passed down through the cytoplasm, often exclusively from one parent (e.g. mother's mitochondria).

Smaller mitochondria with defective oxidative phosphorylation, often due to mtDNA deletions.

Circular DNA found in chloroplasts, encoding proteins mainly for photosynthesis.

The process by which plants and other organisms convert light energy into chemical energy.

The left LTR controls transcription initiation at the 5' end of the retroviral RNA genome, using host RNA polymerase II.

The right LTR directs the addition of a poly(A) tail to the 3'end of the viral RNA genome by host cell enzymes.

Reverse transcriptase converts retroviral RNA into double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) with complete LTRs.

Integrase inserts the retroviral dsDNA into the host cell genome.

Common LTR sequences in humans derived from full-length proviral DNA, where internal retroviral sequences were deleted through recombination.

Mobile genetic elements lacking LTRs like LINEs and SINEs.

Abundant mobile elements (e.g., L1, L2, L3) in mammals with the enzyme reverse transcriptase and a crucial A/T rich region.

Second most abundant type of mobile elements (~ 13% human DNA), typically 300bp long, and do not encode proteins.

The most prevalent LINE in the human genome with ORF1 coding for an RNA-binding protein and ORF2 coding for reverse transcriptase and DNA endonuclease.