Gene Regulation and Chromatin Structure Quiz

The process by which genetic information encoded in DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into proteins.

The process by which cells control which genes are expressed and at what levels.

Changes in gene expression that are not due to alterations in the DNA sequence but are instead influenced by environmental factors or cellular signals. These changes can be inherited or reversible.

Specialized proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences and regulate the rate of gene transcription.

Short sequences of DNA that act as binding sites for transcription factors, influencing the rate of gene transcription.

The modification of DNA packaging, affecting how accessible genes are to transcription machinery and thus their expression.

The addition of acetyl groups to histone proteins, loosening the DNA packaging and making genes more accessible to transcription factors.

The process by which cells acquire and maintain their specialized functions by selectively expressing genes appropriate for their specific tissue or organ.

A non-coding DNA sequence located immediately upstream of a gene, where RNA polymerase II binds to initiate transcription.

Proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences and regulate the transcription of genes, either activating or inhibiting it.

A complex formed by RNA polymerase II and transcription factors, which is necessary for the initiation of transcription.

The process of unwinding DNA into two separate strands, creating a bubble-like structure, allowing RNA polymerase to access the template strand for transcription.

Proteins that interact with transcription factors to either activate (co-activators) or inhibit (co-repressors) gene transcription.

A region within a transcription factor protein that is responsible for binding to DNA sequences and regulating gene transcription.

A region within a transcription factor protein that allows interaction with co-activators or co-repressors to either activate or repress gene transcription.

Short DNA sequences (6-12 base pairs) that are recognized and bound by specific transcription factors.

Transcription factors are classified into two groups: basic transcription factors and specific transcription factors. Basic transcription factors are essential for the general process of transcription initiation, while specific transcription factors regulate the expression of specific genes in response to cellular cues.

A transcription factor that is only active when it binds to a specific ligand, such as a hormone.

Transcription factors found in all cells and tissues, responsible for recruiting RNA polymerase II to the gene promoter. They act as transcriptional activators, promoting gene expression.

Over 2000 transcription factors that exhibit tissue-specific expression, regulating gene transcription either as activators or repressors.

Regions of non-coding DNA located near genes that control the rate of transcription. They contain binding motifs for specific transcription factors.

Proteins that bind to the core promoter and recruit RNA polymerase II to the gene. They are essential for basal level transcription.

Transcription factors that bind to enhancers and increase gene transcription.

Transcription factors that bind to silencers and decrease gene transcription.

The process by which enhancer and silencer elements interact with the core promoter to regulate gene transcription from a distance. This involves chromatin looping and the recruitment of co-activators or co-repressors.

Proteins that bridge the gap between transcription factors bound to enhancers/silencers and the core promoter, modulating transcription.

Non-histone proteins that mediate the looping of chromatin, bringing enhancers and silencers into close proximity to the core promoter.

Factors that activate gene transcription in specific tissues or cell types.

Regions of DNA that can boost or silence gene expression depending on the cell type. They act like switches, turning genes on or off in specific tissues.

The state of chromatin where DNA is tightly wound around histone proteins, making genes less accessible for transcription.

The state of chromatin where DNA is loosely wound around histone proteins, making genes more accessible for transcription.

The process by which cells acquire and maintain their specialized functions by selectively expressing genes appropriate for their specific tissue or organ.

Acetyl groups are added to histone proteins, loosening the DNA packaging, which allows transcription factors to access genes more easily and activate gene expression.

Proteins that contain bromodomains bind to acetylated histones, leading to the recruitment of chromatin remodelling proteins and transcription factors, ultimately activating gene expression.

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) remove acetyl groups from histones, tightening the DNA packaging and making genes less accessible to transcription factors, leading to gene repression.

Transcription factors can promote gene expression by recruiting histone acetyltransferases (HATs), leading to the loosening of DNA packaging and making genes accessible for transcription.

Transcription factors can repress gene expression by recruiting histone deacetylases (HDACs), leading to tightening of DNA packaging, making genes inaccessible for transcription.

Each cell in our body has the same DNA, but different cells express different sets of genes to carry out their specific functions.

Chromatin remodelling complexes are protein groups that alter the structure of chromatin, making genes more or less accessible for transcription.

Different tissues and cell types have unique combinations of transcription factors that activate or repress specific genes, leading to specialized functions.

The process of opening chromatin, which allows RNA polymerase II (RNA Pol II) to bind and initiate transcription.

A type of chromatin that is loosely packed, allowing for active transcription.

A type of chromatin that is tightly packed, preventing transcription.

The enzyme responsible for synthesizing RNA from a DNA template.

Specific DNA sequences that bind to co-repressors, leading to gene silencing.

Proteins that interact with repressors, causing chromatin condensation and inhibiting transcription.

The basic unit of chromatin, consisting of DNA wrapped around histone proteins.

Enzymes that use ATP to reposition or remove nucleosomes, enabling access to DNA for transcription.

Chemical modifications to histone tails that can alter their binding properties and regulate gene expression.