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Questions and Answers
What do phonological rules in generative phonology primarily code for?
What do phonological rules in generative phonology primarily code for?
Which of the following statements about naturalness and markedness is accurate?
Which of the following statements about naturalness and markedness is accurate?
In generative phonology, how are phonemes analyzed?
In generative phonology, how are phonemes analyzed?
What does the implication of 'obstruent becomes deleted word finally' signify?
What does the implication of 'obstruent becomes deleted word finally' signify?
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Which of the following aspects does NOT reflect the application of generative phonology in SLP practice?
Which of the following aspects does NOT reflect the application of generative phonology in SLP practice?
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Which of the following examples best illustrates the concept of naturalness?
Which of the following examples best illustrates the concept of naturalness?
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What does the diagonal line in generative phonology rules indicate?
What does the diagonal line in generative phonology rules indicate?
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What type of constraints require that output forms be simplified in structure?
What type of constraints require that output forms be simplified in structure?
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In Optimality Theory, what do MR and SR represent?
In Optimality Theory, what do MR and SR represent?
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Which statement questions a key assumption of generative phonology?
Which statement questions a key assumption of generative phonology?
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How do faithfulness constraints function in speech production?
How do faithfulness constraints function in speech production?
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What does the term 'unmarked' refer to in the context of markedness constraints?
What does the term 'unmarked' refer to in the context of markedness constraints?
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Which type of obstruent is considered less marked than a voiceless obstruent?
Which type of obstruent is considered less marked than a voiceless obstruent?
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Which process does nonlinear phonology consider when applying to speech sound disorders (SSD)?
Which process does nonlinear phonology consider when applying to speech sound disorders (SSD)?
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What accounts for variations in sound production across languages according to Optimality Theory?
What accounts for variations in sound production across languages according to Optimality Theory?
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What vowel type is noted as the most natural according to the observations on naturalness?
What vowel type is noted as the most natural according to the observations on naturalness?
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What aspect of a child's speech might lead to difficulties producing words like /preɪ.ɪŋ/?
What aspect of a child's speech might lead to difficulties producing words like /preɪ.ɪŋ/?
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In Natural Phonology, what is the primary goal of the innate processes children use?
In Natural Phonology, what is the primary goal of the innate processes children use?
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Which phonological process is commonly seen as a simplification in the speech of young children?
Which phonological process is commonly seen as a simplification in the speech of young children?
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What is a key component of the principle behind goal setting in speech-language pathology related to nonlinear phonology?
What is a key component of the principle behind goal setting in speech-language pathology related to nonlinear phonology?
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According to naturalness observations, which sound is considered the most natural nasal?
According to naturalness observations, which sound is considered the most natural nasal?
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What does the prosodic tier primarily focus on within Nonlinear Phonology?
What does the prosodic tier primarily focus on within Nonlinear Phonology?
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Which tier includes the arrangement of syllables based on stressed and weak syllable sequences?
Which tier includes the arrangement of syllables based on stressed and weak syllable sequences?
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What does the critique of Natural Phonology suggest about phonological processes?
What does the critique of Natural Phonology suggest about phonological processes?
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In Nonlinear Phonology, what is meant by the 'skeletal tier'?
In Nonlinear Phonology, what is meant by the 'skeletal tier'?
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What is the least marked syllable structure according to naturalness theories?
What is the least marked syllable structure according to naturalness theories?
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What hierarchy is established in Nonlinear Phonology?
What hierarchy is established in Nonlinear Phonology?
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Which of the following is a consequence of the application of Natural Phonology to SLP practice?
Which of the following is a consequence of the application of Natural Phonology to SLP practice?
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What is the primary function of the segmental tier in Nonlinear Phonology?
What is the primary function of the segmental tier in Nonlinear Phonology?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of the prosodic tier?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the prosodic tier?
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What describes the relationship between segments and speech production in Nonlinear Phonology?
What describes the relationship between segments and speech production in Nonlinear Phonology?
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What is the significance of the quote, 'Production of speech is more than just production of a sequence of phonemes'?
What is the significance of the quote, 'Production of speech is more than just production of a sequence of phonemes'?
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What might a child do to produce the word /pleɪ/ if their system does not allow consonant sequences?
What might a child do to produce the word /pleɪ/ if their system does not allow consonant sequences?
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How can a child produce the word /spaɪ/ when their system only allows singleton consonants?
How can a child produce the word /spaɪ/ when their system only allows singleton consonants?
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What repair process might occur when a child tries to produce /də.lɪʃ.əs/?
What repair process might occur when a child tries to produce /də.lɪʃ.əs/?
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In producing /eɪt/, what might a child do when faced with the challenge of producing only one syllable?
In producing /eɪt/, what might a child do when faced with the challenge of producing only one syllable?
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What happens when a child encounters too few consonants for a foot that must be Sw?
What happens when a child encounters too few consonants for a foot that must be Sw?
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If a child's phonological system allows only one consonant in an onset, what might they do with the word /preɪ.ɪŋ/?
If a child's phonological system allows only one consonant in an onset, what might they do with the word /preɪ.ɪŋ/?
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When there are too many s's for a foot, what common process might occur?
When there are too many s's for a foot, what common process might occur?
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When a child's constraint requires every foot to begin with a strong syllable (Sw), how might they adapt when faced with one strong syllable?
When a child's constraint requires every foot to begin with a strong syllable (Sw), how might they adapt when faced with one strong syllable?
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Study Notes
Generative Phonology
- Moved away from traditional phonemic analysis, introducing phonological rules that code underlying representations onto surface pronunciations
- Phonemic descriptions depend on information from other linguistic levels: semantic and syntactic.
Generative Phonology Rules
- Example of a rule: "Vowels are realized as nasal in the context of nasal consonants."
- Components of a rule: Segments to the left of the arrow conform to the rule; the arrow means "realized as" or "produced as"; the slash or diagonal indicates "in the context of"; to the right of the arrow are the contexts under which the rule for the segment works.
Generative Phonology Rules - Distinctive Features
- Phonemes are analyzed based on distinctive features (DFs)
- Phonological rules describe how phonemes combine and vary in speech
- This theory relates child production to adult production.
Criticisms of Generative Phonology
- The assumption that a child's underlying representation of sounds is the same as an adult's
- It is unclear whether we apply "rules" in our heads when we comprehend and produce speech.
Application to SLP Practice
- Not widely practiced in clinical settings
- Served as a foundation for other theories like natural phonology and phonologically based clinical analysis.
Naturalness and Markedness in Phonology
- Some sounds, syllable shapes, and phonological processes are more natural than others
- Natural elements occur more frequently, are widespread in languages, are acquired earlier by children, and less likely to be lost historically.
- Unmarked features are part of Universal Grammar and do not require learning
- Marked features are more unusual in a language and require positive evidence from the input language.
Characteristics of Unmarked Members
- Requires less articulatory effort
- Less acoustically complex
- Less perceptually ambiguous
- Acquired developmentally earlier
- Occurs more often in languages of the world.
Implicational Law
- The presence of a marked pair in a language implies the presence of the unmarked pair.
Observations about Naturalness
- Voiced obstruents are more marked than voiceless
- Obstruents are less marked than sonorants
- Stops are more natural than fricatives
- Fricatives are more natural than affricates
- /n/ is the most natural nasal
- /s/ and /h/ are the most natural fricatives
- Low front vowels are the most natural vowels
- CV syllable is the least marked, followed by CVC
Natural Phonology
- Phonological development involves innate processes (natural processes)
- These processes simplify adult target words.
- Children use these processes until they learn to suppress them.
- These processes are motivated by motor and mental constraints consistent with a young child's psycho-physical limitations.
- A child progressively acquires adult pronunciations by revising infantile processes.
- The theory assumes that a child's phonological representations are as deep as the adult's.
- Surface structure differences are explained by the operation of natural processes.
Natural Phonology - General Principles
- Natural phonology rules are universal
- Speech acquisition is a progression from innate speech patterns to the pronunciation systems of the target language.
Critiques of Natural Phonology
- The assumption that phonological processes are related to mental operations that children use
- It is better to be descriptive and use phonological patterns instead of processes.
- Some children manifest phonological patterns that are atypical/non-natural and not seen in typical development.
- Not all simplification patterns produced by children can be classified as natural processes.
- The concept of "negative progression," where processes must be suppressed, is not always accurate.
Application of Natural Phonology to SLP Practice
- Provides developmental data
- Used to develop assessment models
- Intervention procedures are widely used.
Common Phonological Processes/Patterns
- A phonological process/pattern is a systematic sound change that affects a class of sounds or a sound sequence.
- These processes provide a means to describe error patterns in young children's speech.
- Provide examples of Processes - Final Consonant Deletion (FCD), Cluster Reduction (CR), Fronting.
Nonlinear Phonology
- Derived from a group of phonological theories: autosegmental, metrical, and prosodic phonologies.
- Based on the notion that complex linguistic dimensions (stress, intonation, metrical and rhythmical factors) control segmental conditions.
- A hierarchy of factors affects segmental units.
- Speech production is more than just a sequence of phonemes.
- There is a relationship between segments and other aspects of speech production.
- This relationship has a hierarchical organization.
- Hierarchical levels of representation (tiers) are described for both prosodic and segmental units.
The Prosodic Tier
- Focuses on words and the structure of words
- Includes levels/tiers: word, foot, syllable, onset-rime, skeletal, segmental
The Segmental Tier
- Focuses on the production of segments (phonemes) and the features that make up those sounds.
Terminology
- Tier: A level of representation in nonlinear phonology.
Nonlinear Phonology - Application to Typically Developing Children
- Interaction seen between segmental and prosodic tiers
- Development is progressive and considers maturational factors.
Nonlinear Phonology - Application to SLP Practice
- Principles are applied to goal setting and intervention for children with speech sound disorders.
- Examples: Using established sounds in new syllable shapes or developing new sounds in established syllable shapes.
Optimality Theory
- Theory originally developed to describe adult languages.
- Basic unit of representation are “CONSTRAINTS" (not rules)
- Constraints are universal and part of Universal Grammar (UG)
- Variation across languages and in development is accounted for in terms of the relative ranking of constraints.
- Two types of representation: Input representation (IR) and Output representation (OR).
Two Basic Types of Antagonistic Constraints:
- Markedness Constraints: Require output forms to be unmarked in structure
- Faithfulness Constraints: Require OR to resemble IR. Capture features to be "preserved," prohibiting addition or deletion that violates the ambient language.
Optimality Theory - Example: Little Julia's Rules (Constraints)
-
All σs require singleton onsets, but not all target σs have onsets.
- How might she produce /preɪ.ɪŋ/?
- How might she produce /εl.ə/?
-
Child has syllable structure limitations; no consonant sequences are permitted. But there are too many consonants in the target words.
- How might she produce /pleɪ/?
- How might she produce /spaɪ/?
-
Every foot must be Sw, but there are too few or too many σs in a foot.
- How might she produce /eɪt/?
- How might she produce /də.lɪʃ.əs/?
Constraints and Repair Processes in Syllables
-
All σs require an onset:
- Too few C's - onsetless σ
- Repair: Insert C or delete V
- Too few C's - onsetless σ
-
Only one C in an onset:
- Too many C's - a C not in a σ
- Repair: Delete a C or Insert a V
- Too many C's - a C not in a σ
Constraints and Repair Processes in Stress Patterns
-
Every foot must be Sw.
- Too few S's for a foot - a foot with a single S
- Repair: Insert V-up or Reduplicate
- Too many S's for a foot - a S not in a foot
- Repair: Delete S, or make a weak S strong.
- Too few S's for a foot - a foot with a single S
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Description
This quiz delves into the principles of Generative Phonology, focusing on phonological rules and distinctive features. Participants will explore how underlying representations affect surface pronunciations and the relationship between phonemes, semantics, and syntax. Additionally, it discusses critiques of the Generative Phonology approach.
