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Questions and Answers
What is the primary characteristic of well-defined problems?
What is the primary characteristic of well-defined problems?
Which of the following best describes a mental set?
Which of the following best describes a mental set?
What does functional fixedness restrict?
What does functional fixedness restrict?
Which heuristic involves estimating the likelihood of events based on how easily they come to mind?
Which heuristic involves estimating the likelihood of events based on how easily they come to mind?
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What happens during Broca’s aphasia?
What happens during Broca’s aphasia?
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What is a defining feature of generative language?
What is a defining feature of generative language?
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Which of the following describes the framing effect?
Which of the following describes the framing effect?
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What can be a consequence of overconfidence bias?
What can be a consequence of overconfidence bias?
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What does McGregor's Theory of X and Y classify as intrinsic motivation?
What does McGregor's Theory of X and Y classify as intrinsic motivation?
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According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law, what happens when arousal levels are too low?
According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law, what happens when arousal levels are too low?
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Which hormone is responsible for signaling hunger to the brain?
Which hormone is responsible for signaling hunger to the brain?
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Which of the following is NOT a level of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?
Which of the following is NOT a level of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?
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How is obesity primarily characterized?
How is obesity primarily characterized?
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What is the primary motivation behind the drive reduction theory?
What is the primary motivation behind the drive reduction theory?
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Which condition is characterized by cycles of binge eating followed by purging?
Which condition is characterized by cycles of binge eating followed by purging?
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What term describes the need for social connection and acceptance?
What term describes the need for social connection and acceptance?
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Which component of Freud's structural model represents internalized societal rules and morals?
Which component of Freud's structural model represents internalized societal rules and morals?
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What is the primary focus of the pleasure principle in Freud's model?
What is the primary focus of the pleasure principle in Freud's model?
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Which defense mechanism involves pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious?
Which defense mechanism involves pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious?
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In the Five Factor Model of Personality, which trait measures emotional stability versus instability?
In the Five Factor Model of Personality, which trait measures emotional stability versus instability?
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What does an internal locus of control indicate about an individual's belief system?
What does an internal locus of control indicate about an individual's belief system?
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Which pair of twins shares 100% of their genes and is utilized to study genetic influences on behavior?
Which pair of twins shares 100% of their genes and is utilized to study genetic influences on behavior?
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Which defense mechanism is characterized by justifying behaviors with logical reasons while avoiding the real reasons?
Which defense mechanism is characterized by justifying behaviors with logical reasons while avoiding the real reasons?
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Which trait in the Five Factor Model refers to a preference for routine over trying new things?
Which trait in the Five Factor Model refers to a preference for routine over trying new things?
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Study Notes
General Theories of Motivation
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Instinct Theory: Behavior is driven by innate biological instincts. Example: Birds migrating due to temperature changes.
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Drive Reduction Theory: Motivation is driven by a need to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs. Example: Hunger leads to a drive to eat, reducing tension when satisfied.
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Arousal Theory: Performance peaks at an optimal level of arousal, too little leads to boredom, too much leads to anxiety. Finding the right balance is key.
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Incentive Theory: External stimuli drive motivation, the promise of rewards (money, praise) can motivate behavior.
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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: A pyramid of human needs, from basic to advanced.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
- Physiological Needs: Essential for survival (food, water).
- Safety Needs: Security and stability.
- Belongingness and Love: Social relationships and connections.
- Esteem Needs: Recognition and self-respect.
- Self-Actualization: Reaching one's full potential and creativity.
- Self-Transcendence: Helping others achieve their potential.
Physiological Mechanisms of Hunger
- Glucose: A type of sugar in the blood that signals hunger when levels drop.
- Hypothalamus: A brain region that regulates hunger and signals when to eat or stop eating.
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Hormones:
- Leptin: Produced by fat cells; signals fullness.
- Ghrelin: Secreted by the stomach; signals hunger.
Eating Disorders
- Obesity: Excessive body fat due to poor diet and lifestyle choices, can lead to various health issues.
- Anorexia Nervosa: Extreme weight loss, distorted body image, and fear of gaining weight.
- Bulimia Nervosa: Cycles of binge eating followed by purging to prevent weight gain.
Social Motives
- Power: Desire to influence or control others.
- Belongingness: Need for social connection and acceptance.
- Affiliation: Desire for companionship and friendship. - Intimacy: Deep emotional connections with others. - Achievement: Drive to excel and succeed in tasks.
Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation
- Intrinsic Motivation: Engaging in an activity for its own sake, like reading for pleasure.
- Extrinsic Motivation: Performing an activity to earn rewards or avoid punishment, like studying for grades.
Well-Defined vs. Ill-Defined Problems
- Well-Defined Problems: Have clear solutions, like math problems.
- Ill-Defined Problems: Lack clear solutions and can vary widely, like personal dilemmas.
Problem-Solving Methods
- Algorithms: Step-by-step procedures that guarantee a solution if followed correctly, like following a recipe
- Heuristics: Mental shortcuts that simplify decision-making, such as trial and error or hill climbing.
Mental Set
- The tendency to approach problems in a particular way, often based on past experiences. This can limit creativity.
Functional Fixedness
- A cognitive bias that limits a person to use an object only in its traditional way. Example: Seeing a paperclip only as a clip rather than a tool for other uses.
Reasoning Heuristics/Biases
- Representativeness Heuristic: Judging the likelihood of something based on how well it matches a prototype.
- Availability Heuristic: Estimating the frequency of events based on how easily examples come to mind (e.g., fearing plane crashes because they are widely reported).
- Framing Effect: Decisions are influenced by how information is presented.
- Overconfidence Bias: Tendency to overestimate one's abilities or knowledge.
- Anchoring: Relying too heavily on the first piece of information encountered when making decisions.
Language Properties
- Arbitrary Symbolism: Words are symbols that have no inherent connection to their meanings. - Generative: Language can create infinite new sentences from a finite set of rules.
- Structured at Multiple Levels: Language is organized in phonemes (sounds), morphemes (meaning), words, phrases, and sentences.
Neurobiology of Language
- Broca's Aphasia: Difficulty in speech production due to damage in Broca's area (left frontal lobe), leading to broken speech.
- Wernicke's Aphasia: Difficulty in language comprehension due to damage in Wernicke's area (left temporal lobe), often resulting in nonsensical speech.
Freud's Models
- Topographical Model: Divides the mind into conscious (thoughts we are aware of), preconscious (thoughts we can bring to consciousness), and unconscious (repressed thoughts).
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Structural Model:
- Id: The primal part of personality driven by the pleasure principle (wants immediate gratification).
- Ego: Mediator that operates on the reality principle, balancing the demands of the id and the constraints of reality.
- Superego: Represents internalized societal rules and morals; often causes guilt.
Defense Mechanisms
- Unconscious strategies to protect the ego from anxiety:
- Repression: Pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious.
- Denial: Refusing to accept reality.
- Projection: Attributing one's own unacceptable feelings to others.
- Reaction Formation: Behaving in a way that's opposite to one's true feelings.
- Rationalization: Justifying behaviors with logical reasons, avoiding the real reasons.
- Regression: Reverting to behaviours typical of an earlier stage of development.
- Displacement: Redirecting feelings to a safer target.
- Sublimation: Channeling unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable actions (e.g., art).
Five Factor Model of Personality (Big Five)
- Extraversion: Sociability and assertiveness.
- Neuroticism: Emotional stability vs. instability.
- Agreeableness: Compassion vs. antagonism.
- Conscientiousness: Organization vs. carelessness.
- Openness: Willingness to try new things vs. preference for routine.
Cognitive-Social Learning Theory
- Self-Efficacy: Belief in one's capabilities to achieve a goal influences motivation and behavior.
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Locus of Control: Refers to the extent to which individuals believe they can control events affecting them.
- Internal Locus: Individuals believe they can influence outcomes.
- External Locus: Individuals attribute outcomes to external factors.
Genetics
- Monozygotic (Identical) Twins: Share 100% of their genes; used to study genetic influences on behavior.
- Dizygotic (Fraternal) Twins: Share 50% of their genes; can help determine environmental vs. genetic impacts.
Behavior Genetics Methods
- Twin Studies: Compare similarities between identical and fraternal twins to assess genetic influence.
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Description
Explore the key theories of motivation, including Instinct Theory, Drive Reduction Theory, and Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. This quiz covers how various factors influence human behavior and the levels of needs that drive individuals. Test your understanding of these fundamental concepts in psychology.
