General Study Tips and Techniques

To monitor changes occurring inside and outside the body

To process and interpret sensory input and decide if action is needed

A response to integrated stimuli. The response activates muscles or glands.

<p>Brain and spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Integration; command center. Interpret incoming sensory information. Issues outgoing instructions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carry impulses to and from the spinal cord. Carry impulses to and from the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serve as communication lines among sensory organs, the brain and spinal cord, and glands or muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nerve fibers that carry information to the central nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nerve fibers that carry impulses away from the central nervous system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consciously controls skeletal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Automatically controls smooth and cardiac muscles and glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Support, Insulate, Protect neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abundant, star-shaped cells. Brace neurons. Form barrier between capillaries and neurons. Control the chemical environment of the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spiderlike phagocytes. Dispose of debris.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Line cavities of the brain and spinal cord. Cilia assist with circulation of cerebrospinal fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wrap around nerve fibers in the central nervous system. Produce myelin sheaths.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protect neuron cell bodies. Form myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transmit messages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cell body, Processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nucleus and metabolic center of the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fibers that extend from the cell body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Specialized rough endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intermediate cytoskeleton. Maintain cell shape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carry impulses from the sensory receptors to the CNS.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Detect stretch or tension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carry impulses from the central nervous system to viscera, muscles, or glands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Found in neural pathways in the central nervous system. Connect sensory and motor neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Multipolar neurons, Bipolar neurons, Unipolar neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Many extensions from the cell body. All motor and interneurons are multipolar. Most common structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Irritability and conductivity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ability to respond to stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ability to transmit an impulse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The plasma membrane at rest is polarized. Fewer positive ions are inside the cell than outside the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Depolarization is when the inside of the membrane becomes more positive and the outside becomes more negative. Repolarization is when potassium ions rush out of the neuron after sodium ions rush in, which repolarizes the membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It restores the original ionic conditions by ejecting sodium ions from the cell and returning potassium ions to the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li>When the action potential reaches the axon terminal, the electrical charge opens calcium channels. 2. Calcium, in turn, causes the tiny vesicles containing the neurotransmitter chemical to fuse with the axonal membrane. 3. The entry of calcium into the axon terminal causes pore like openings to form, releasing the transmitter. 4. The neurotransmitter molecules diffuse across the synapse and bind to receptors on the membrane of the next neuron. 5. If enough neurotransmitter is released, graded potential will be generated. 6. Eventually an action potential (nerve impulse) will occur in the neuron beyond the synapse. 7. The electrical changes prompted by neurotransmitter binding are brief. 8. The neurotransmitter is quickly removed from the synapse.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Direct route from a sensory neuron, to an interneuron, to an effector.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Frontal lobe, Parietal lobe, Occipital lobe, Temporal lobe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary motor area. Broca's area. Involved in our ability to speak. Sends impulses to skeletal muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Visual area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Auditory area. Olfactory area. Speech/language region. Language comprehension region.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Outer layer in the cerebral cortex composed mostly of neuron cell bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Islands of gray matter buried within the white matter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The relay station for sensory impulses. Transfers impulses to the correct part of the cortex for localization and interpretation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Surrounds the third ventricle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The lowest part of the brain stem. Merges into the spinal cord. Includes important fiber tracts. Contains important control centers: heart rate control, blood pressure regulation, breathing, swallowing, vomiting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diffuse mass of gray matter along the brain stem. Involved in motor control of visceral organs. Reticular activating system (RAS) plays a role in awake/sleep cycles and consciousness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two hemispheres with convoluted surfaces. Provides involuntary coordination of body movements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dura mater, arachnoid layer, pia mater.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tough outermost layer. Double-layered external covering. Periosteum-attached to inner surface of the skull. Meningeal layer-outer covering of the brain. Folds inward in several areas: falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Middle layer. Web-like extensions span the subarachnoid space. Arachnoid villi reabsorb cerebrospinal fluid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Similar to blood plasma composition. Formed by the choroid plexus. Forms a watery cushion to protect the brain. Circulated in arachnoid space, ventricles, and central canal of the spinal cord.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Includes the least permeable capillaries of the body. Excludes many potentially harmful substances. Less as a barrier against some substances: fats and fat soluble molecules, respiratory gases, alcohol, nicotine, anesthesia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Concussion and contusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Slight brain injury. No permanent brain damages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Swelling from the inflammatory response. May compress and kill brain tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Result from a ruptured blood vessel supplying a region of the brain. Brain tissue supplied with oxygen from that blood source dies. Loss of some functions or death may result: hemiplegia, aphasis, transischemia-attack.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One-sided paralysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Damage to speech center in left hemisphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Temporary brain ischemia (restriction of blood flow)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Progressive degenerative brain disease. Mostly seen in the elderly, but may begin in middle age. Structural changes in the brain include abnormal protein deposits and twisted fibers within neurons. Victims experience memory loss, irritability, confusion, and ultimately, hallucinations and death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CSF accumulates and exerts pressure on the brain if not allowed to drain. Possible in an infant because the skull bones have not yet fused. In adults, this situation results in brain damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Internal gray matter is mostly cell bodies: dorsal (posterior) horns, anterior (ventral) horns, gray matter surrounds the central canal. Central canal is filled with cerebrospinal fluid. Exterior white mater-conduction tracts: dorsal, lateral, ventral columns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Associated with the dorsal root ganglia-collections of cell bodies outside the central nervous system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Most are mixed nerves, but three are sensory only.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory for smell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory for vision.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Motor fibers to eye muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Motor fiber to one eye muscle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory for the face; motor fibers to chewing muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Motor fibers to eye muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory for balance and hearing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory for taste; motor fibers to the pharynx.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Motor fibers to neck and upper back.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Motor fibers to tongue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cervical plexus, brachial plexus, lumbar plexus, sacral plexus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Originates from ventral rami in C1 – C5. Important nerve is the phrenic nerve. Areas served: diaphragm, shoulder and neck</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Originates from ventral rami in C5 – C8 and T1. Important nerves: axillary, radial, median, musculocutaneous, ulnar. Areas served: shoulder, arm, forearm, and hand</p> Signup and view all the answers