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Questions and Answers

Geographical isolation occurs when species live in the same habitat.

False (B)

Temporal isolation refers to species that mate or flower at the same time.

False (B)

Hybrid infertility means the hybrid offspring are vigorous but incapable of reproducing.

True (A)

Binomial nomenclature involves each organism being given two names, a species and a genus.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The most specific taxonomic level is Family.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mechanical isolation is caused by differences in mating rituals between species.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aves is classified as the taxonomic group that includes mammals.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phylogeny examines the evolutionary relationships among various biological species.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bacteria and Archaea are both classified under the domain Eukarya.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fungi became its own kingdom in the 1960s due to its distinct characteristics.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Clades on a phylogenetic tree represent a single ancestor species and all of its descendants.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Structural diversity refers only to the size and shape of organisms.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Protists were added to the taxonomic structure in the 1860s as a separate kingdom.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a heterozygous genotype, the dominant allele fully conceals the recessive allele.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A dihybrid cross studies two different traits simultaneously for inheritance probabilities.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sex-linked traits are only found on the Y chromosome.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Evolution refers to changes that occur in species characteristics over a long time.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A scientific theory is an unchangeable idea that explains why things happen.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Buffon believed the Earth is older than 6000 years based on species observations.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Blood types are determined by the absence of antigen proteins on red blood cells.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Scientific laws are derived from hypotheses that have been tested and proven repeatedly.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bacteria and Archaea are both eukaryotic organisms.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All bacteria reproduce sexually.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Archaea can live in extreme environments.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fungi have a cell wall made of cellulose.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Plants are exclusively heterotrophs.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All protists have a cell wall.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dichotomous keys are useful tools for species identification.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Animals reproduce asexually.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Humans have a total of 46 chromosomes, with 23 coming from the father and 23 from the mother.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Y chromosome has a greater number of genes compared to the X chromosome.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Diploid cells contain one set of chromosomes, while haploid cells contain two sets.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Spermatogenesis takes place in the ovaries.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During fertilization, the resulting zygote has a full set of chromosomes composed of half from the mother and half from the father.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Meiosis results in cells that are diploid and have a full set of chromosomes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Females produce egg cells that are fully matured at birth and do not change thereafter.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Meiosis increases genetic variation through the reduction of chromosome numbers.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ciliates are exclusively free-living and do not include any parasites.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Amoebas can change shape and use pseudopods for movement.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All Sporozoans engage in sexual reproduction exclusively through mitosis.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Slime moulds reproduce using enzymes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lipids store less energy than carbohydrates.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Proteins are made up of long chains of glucose molecules.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Enzymes act as catalysts in hydrolysis reactions, speeding up the breakdown of macromolecules.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Minerals are organic compounds that help in tissue development.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Prezygotic Isolation

Mechanisms that prevent the formation of a hybrid zygote, preventing fertilization from occurring.

Postzygotic Isolation

Mechanisms that reduce the viability or fertility of hybrid offspring, leading to reproductive isolation.

Geographical Isolation

Species living in different geographic locations, preventing interbreeding.

Habitat Isolation

Species occupying different habitats within the same geographic area.

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Temporal Isolation

Species breeding at different times, preventing interbreeding.

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Behavioral Isolation

Species with distinct mating rituals or behaviors that are not recognized by other species.

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Mechanical Isolation

Species with incompatible reproductive organs, preventing fertilization.

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Gametic Isolation

Species with incompatible gametes (eggs and sperm) that cannot fuse.

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Incomplete Dominance

Neither allele is fully expressed in a heterozygous genotype, resulting in an intermediate phenotype. For example, a red flower crossed with a white flower produces a pink flower.

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Codominance

Both alleles are fully expressed in a heterozygous genotype, resulting in a phenotype that shows both traits. For example, a red flower crossed with a white flower produces a flower with both red and white patches.

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Dihybrid Cross

A cross involving two different traits being studied for inheritance probabilities at the same time. Examples include seed color and seed shape, or hair color and hair type.

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Sex-Linked Traits

Genes located on the X chromosome are called sex-linked genes. These genes can affect traits in both males and females, but because males only have one X chromosome, they are more likely to inherit sex-linked recessive traits.

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Evolution

Changes in the inherited characteristics of a species over long periods of time.

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Scientific Theory

A scientific theory is a well-supported explanation of how or why something happens, based on a hypothesis that has been repeatedly tested and confirmed. Theories can be refined and improved over time.

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Scientific Law

A scientific law describes a natural phenomenon that has been consistently observed and tested, and is considered a fundamental truth. Laws cannot be proven false, but may be modified or replaced with a more comprehensive theory, based on further evidence.

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What is the significance of the 23rd chromosome pair?

The 23rd pair of chromosomes determines whether an individual is male or female. Males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY), while females have two X chromosomes (XX).

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What is the difference between diploid and haploid cells?

Diploid cells have two sets of chromosomes (2n), while haploid cells have only one set of chromosomes (n).

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What are gametes and what is their function?

Gametes are specialized reproductive cells (sperm and egg) that have half the number of chromosomes as body cells (haploid). They are essential for sexual reproduction.

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What happens during fertilization?

Fertilization is the process where a sperm cell fuses with an egg cell to form a zygote, a single cell with a complete set of chromosomes. This marks the beginning of a new organism.

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What is the purpose of meiosis?

Meiosis is a specialized cell division process that halves the number of chromosomes in a cell, producing gametes (sperm and egg) with only one set of chromosomes.

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Explain the process of spermatogenesis.

Spermatogenesis is the process by which sperm cells are produced in the testes. It involves specialized stem cells that undergo meiosis to form haploid sperm.

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Explain the process of oogenesis.

Oogenesis is the process by which egg cells are produced in the ovaries. It starts during fetal development and involves a series of meiotic divisions, resulting in haploid egg cells.

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How does meiosis contribute to genetic variation?

Genetic variation is increased during meiosis through two key mechanisms: crossing over (exchange of genetic material between chromosomes) and independent assortment (random distribution of chromosomes to gametes).

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Phylogeny

The study of evolutionary relationships between species. Think of it like a family tree for all living things.

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Phylogenetic Tree

A diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships between species. It looks like a branching tree.

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Clade

A group of organisms that includes a single ancestor species and all its descendants.

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Structural Diversity

The diversity in structural forms of living things, from internal cell structures to external body shapes.

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Kingdom

A system of classifying living organisms based on shared characteristics. Includes three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

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Slime Molds

Organisms that engulf food particles and move using pseudopods (false feet) like amoeba. They are found in several environments and can be parasitic, but are not as dangerous as sporazoans.

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Water Molds

A group of protists that live in water or moist environments on decaying matter. They release digestive enzymes to break down their host tissue and absorb nutrients.

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Monosaccharides

Simple sugars that are the building blocks of carbohydrates. They consist of 3 to 7 carbon atoms.

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Disaccharides

Carbs made of two simple sugars linked together. Examples include lactose and maltose.

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Polysaccharides

Complex carbohydrates made of long chains of simple sugars. They provide long-term energy and examples include glycogen and starch.

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Lipids (Fats)

Organic molecules made of glycerol attached to fatty acid chains. They store energy more efficiently than other molecules and provide insulation and cushioning.

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Proteins

Long chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. They play a crucial role in building and repairing cells.

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Nucleic Acids

Complex molecules that direct growth and development in living organisms. Two main types are DNA and RNA.

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Bacteria

Single-celled organisms lacking a nucleus, found in diverse environments, with cell walls made of peptidoglycan.

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Archaea

Single-celled organisms lacking a nucleus, known for living in extreme environments, with cell walls not made of peptidoglycan.

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Protists

A diverse group made up mostly of single-celled eukaryotes, with some multicellular forms, found in moist environments.

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Fungi

Mostly multicellular organisms, with cell walls made of chitin, known for their role as decomposers.

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Plants

Multicellular, photosynthetic organisms with cell walls made of cellulose, responsible for producing oxygen through photosynthesis.

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Animals

Multicellular, heterotrophic organisms lacking cell walls, with diverse forms and habitats.

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Dichotomous Key

A method of identifying organisms using a series of paired statements, leading to a unique identification.

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Comparison Chart

A chart used to compare and contrast the characteristics of two groups, highlighting their differences.

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Test your knowledge with this general study quiz. Challenge yourself with various topics to see how much you know and strengthen your understanding across different subjects. Perfect for students looking to review important concepts.

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