General Study Notes Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is formed when acetic acid reacts with ethanol in the presence of an acid catalyst?

  • Ethyl acetate (correct)
  • Nitrile
  • Amide
  • Acetic anhydride

Which of the following statements accurately describes amides?

  • Amides undergo nucleophilic acyl substitution at the slowest rate. (correct)
  • Amides are formed from carboxylic acids and alcohols.
  • Amides can be easily hydrolyzed to esters.
  • Amides are highly reactive due to weak hydrogen bonding.

What effect does the presence of a methyl group (-CH₃) on a carboxylic acid have on its acidity?

  • It increases the acidity of the carboxylic acid.
  • It has no effect on the acidity.
  • It makes the carboxylic acid more reactive.
  • It decreases the acidity of the carboxylic acid. (correct)

What is a key characteristic of nitriles?

<p>They can be hydrolyzed to carboxylic acids. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes anhydrides?

<p>Anhydrides are reactive and can be made from acid chlorides. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which compound is produced when ethyl acetate undergoes acid-catalyzed hydrolysis?

<p>Acetic acid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common method of forming esters?

<p>Reacting carboxylic acids with alcohols in an acid-catalyzed process. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reaction leads to the formation of amides from carboxylic acids?

<p>Nucleophilic acyl substitution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of vaccines?

<p>To stimulate the immune system to recognize and fight specific viruses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following vaccines provides immunity against hepatitis B infection?

<p>Hepatitis B Vaccine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a capsid in the context of viruses?

<p>The protein shell surrounding the viral genome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase does a virus cause the host cell to burst, releasing new viral particles?

<p>Lytic Cycle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the initial step of viral infection where the virus binds to specific receptors on the host cell?

<p>Attachment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'genome' refer to in viruses?

<p>The genetic material of the virus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of virus specifically infects bacteria?

<p>Bacteriophage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process allows the viral genetic material to enter the host cell?

<p>Penetration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct name for a compound with a bromine group on carbon 3 and a methyl group on carbon 1?

<p>3-Bromo-1-methylbenzene (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which compound consists of two benzene rings fused together?

<p>Naphthalene (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of aromatic compound contains nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur in the ring structure?

<p>Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents an anthropogenic source of organic pollutants?

<p>Agricultural runoff (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical formula for anthracene?

<p>C₁₄H₁₀ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which compound is a five-membered ring containing one nitrogen atom?

<p>Pyridine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is NOT a mechanism of degradation for organic pollutants?

<p>Synthetic degradation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about 1,4-Dimethylbenzene?

<p>The methyl groups are on carbons 1 and 4. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the RTS,S malaria vaccine?

<p>To reduce the burden of malaria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is classified as an anti-protozoal drug?

<p>Metronidazole (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines an anthelmintic drug?

<p>A drug that treats infections caused by helminths (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes sterilization?

<p>It destroys all forms of microbial life (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a vector in disease transmission?

<p>To transmit pathogens or parasites to a host (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key focus of virology?

<p>The classification and life cycles of viruses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best defines Mass Drug Administration (MDA)?

<p>Distributing medications to entire populations to control diseases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of genetic material can viruses contain?

<p>Both DNA and RNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced when ethyl acetate is hydrolyzed in the presence of an acid catalyst?

<p>Acetic acid and ethanol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the suffix used in the IUPAC naming of carboxylic acids?

<p>-oic acid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly identifies the parent chain in methanoic acid?

<p>1 carbon atom (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What indicates the presence of substituents in the IUPAC naming of carboxylic acids?

<p>Position numbers and names (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do you name a carboxylic acid with two carboxyl groups?

<p>Using the suffix -dioic acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common name for ethanoic acid?

<p>Acetic acid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which formula represents propanoic acid?

<p>CH3CH2COOH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic does the carboxyl group (-COOH) contribute to carboxylic acids?

<p>Acidic properties (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Gram-positive bacteria from Gram-negative bacteria in terms of cell wall structure?

<p>Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which staining reaction occurs in Gram-negative bacteria when subjected to the Gram stain procedure?

<p>They do not retain the crystal violet stain. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant consequence of antibiotic resistance in bacteria?

<p>Infections become harder to treat. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT contribute to antibiotic resistance in bacteria?

<p>Completion of prescribed antibiotic courses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bacteria is an example of Gram-negative bacteria?

<p>Escherichia coli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do some bacteria play in the human body?

<p>They assist in digestion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common mechanism by which bacteria develop antibiotic resistance?

<p>They produce enzymes to neutralize antibiotics. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the role of bacteria in nitrogen fixation is true?

<p>Certain bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into forms usable by plants. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Ester Formation

Carboxylic acids react with alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst to form esters.

Ester Reactivity

Esters are less reactive than acid chlorides.

Amide Formation

Amides are formed by reacting carboxylic acids or acid derivatives with ammonia or amines.

Amide Stability

Amides are very stable due to resonance and strong hydrogen bonding.

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Anhydride Formation

Anhydrides are formed from dehydration of two carboxylic acids or from reactions between acid chlorides and carboxylic acids; they are reactive.

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Nitrile Hydrolysis

Nitriles, containing a carbon triple-bonded to a nitrogen, can be hydrolyzed to carboxylic acids.

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Methyl Group Effect on Acidity

A methyl group on a carboxylic acid makes it less acidic due to electron-donating effects.

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Fischer Esterification

A reaction that converts carboxylic acid to an ester by reacting it with an alcohol and an acid catalyst.

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Carboxylic Acid IUPAC naming 1st step

Identify the longest continuous carbon chain containing the carboxyl group (-COOH).

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Carboxylic Acid IUPAC naming 2nd step

Replace the alkane suffix (-e) with -oic acid.

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Carboxyl group

-COOH functional group. Always part of the main carbon chain when naming.

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Methanoic acid

Simplest carboxylic acid, formula HCOOH, common name formic acid.

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Ethanedioic acid

Carboxylic acid with two carboxyl groups, common name Oxalic Acid, formula HOOC-COOH.

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3-Methylbutanoic acid

A branched-chain carboxylic acid with a methyl group at position 3 in the butanoic acid chain.

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IUPAC Nomenclature

Systematic method set by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry for naming chemical compounds.

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Acid Catalyst

Catalyst used to speed up reaction during ester hydrolysis, like HCl or H₂SO₄

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Prokaryotic Cells

Cells that lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, like bacteria.

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Gram-Positive Bacteria

Bacteria with a thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell wall, staining purple with Gram stain.

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Gram-Negative Bacteria

Bacteria with a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane, staining pink with Gram stain.

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Antibiotic Resistance

Bacteria evolving mechanisms to resist the effects of antibiotics, making them ineffective.

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Overuse of Antibiotics

Taking antibiotics unnecessarily or not completing full courses contributes to resistance.

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Bacterial Adaptation

Bacteria changing their genetic material to avoid antibiotic action, like producing enzymes.

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Horizontal Gene Transfer

Resistant bacteria sharing their resistance genes with other bacteria, spreading resistance.

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Importance of Gram Staining

Gram staining helps distinguish between bacteria based on their cell wall structure, affecting their susceptibility to antibiotics.

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Sterilization

A process that eliminates or destroys all forms of microbial life, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores.

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Disinfection

The elimination of most pathogenic microorganisms, especially bacteria, from inanimate objects or surfaces.

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Antisepsis

The practice of reducing the number of microorganisms on living tissue, often using antiseptic agents.

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Antibiotics

Drugs used to treat bacterial infections by killing or inhibiting bacterial growth.

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Parasites

Organisms that live on or in a host organism and derive nutrients at the host's expense, often causing harm to the host.

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Protozoa

Single-celled organisms that can cause diseases such as malaria and amoebiasis.

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Helminths

Parasitic worms, including roundworms, flatworms, and tapeworms, that can infect humans and animals.

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Vector

An organism, such as a mosquito or tick, that transmits a pathogen or parasite to a host.

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Vaccine

A substance that introduces a weakened or inactive form of a virus or its proteins to the body, stimulating the immune system to fight it without causing disease.

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Virus

A microscopic infectious agent that can only replicate inside living cells, consisting of genetic material encased in a protein coat and sometimes a lipid envelope.

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Capsid

The protein shell that encloses the viral genome, made of protein subunits called capsomers.

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Envelope

An outer lipid membrane surrounding some viruses, derived from the host cell and containing viral glycoproteins for attaching to host cells.

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Lytic Cycle

A viral replication cycle where the virus forces the host cell to burst (lysis) after producing new viral particles, releasing them to infect other cells.

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Lysogenic Cycle

A viral replication cycle where the viral genome integrates into the host cell's genome and stays dormant (provirus) until triggered to enter the lytic cycle.

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Attachment

The initial step of viral infection where the virus binds to specific receptors on the host cell surface.

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Penetration

The process by which the virus or its genetic material enters the host cell, typically through fusion or endocytosis.

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1,4-Dimethylbenzene

An aromatic compound with two methyl groups attached to carbons 1 and 4 of the benzene ring. Also known as para-dimethylbenzene.

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Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds

Compounds containing multiple benzene rings fused together. Examples include naphthalene, anthracene, and phenanthrene.

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Naphthalene

A polycyclic aromatic compound formed by fusing two benzene rings. It has the chemical formula C₁₀H₈.

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Anthracene

A polycyclic aromatic compound with three linearly fused benzene rings. Its formula is C₁₄H₁₀.

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Phenanthrene

A polycyclic aromatic compound with three fused benzene rings in a non-linear arrangement. Like anthracene, its formula is C₁₄H₁₀.

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Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds

Aromatic compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the ring, such as nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.

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Pyridine

A heterocyclic compound with a six-membered ring containing one nitrogen atom. Its formula is C₅H₅N.

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Environmental Organic Chemistry

The study of organic chemicals in the environment, their sources, behavior, fate, and impacts on the environment. It focuses on how organic compounds interact with the atmosphere, water, soil, and living organisms.

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Study Notes

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