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Questions and Answers
What is the main advantage of inhalation administration?
Which of the following is NOT a route of administration?
What is the purpose of intracardiac injection?
What is the advantage of transdermal administration?
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What is the purpose of intrathecal administration?
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What is the benefit of intraperitoneal administration?
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What is the purpose of intra-articular administration?
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What is the benefit of inhalation administration over oral administration?
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What is the purpose of transdermal patches?
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What is the purpose of intra-arterial administration?
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Study Notes
Pharmacology
- Deals with drugs, how they affect cells, and their mechanisms of action
- Divisions of general pharmacology: Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Pharmacotherapeutic process
Pharmacokinetics
- The study of the rate of absorption of drug molecules
- Includes distribution of the drug within the body, metabolism, and excretion (ADME)
Pharmacodynamics
- What drugs do to the body (pharmacological effects)
- How drugs do it (mechanism of drug action)
Sources of Drugs
- Plants (e.g., Belladonna, Atropine, Digitalis, Ephedrine)
- Animals (e.g., Pig and bovine Insulin)
- Microorganisms (e.g., Penicillin, Streptomycin)
- Minerals (e.g., Iron preparations)
- Synthetic drugs (most drugs)
Dosage Forms
Solid Dosage Forms
- Tablets (oral administration, swallowed with water)
- Capsules (hard or soft gelatin shell, for oral use or inhalation)
- Powders (bulk or divided, for internal use)
Semi-solid Dosage Forms
- Creams (aqueous, non-greasy, for skin or Percutaneous absorption)
- Ointments (semi-solid, greasy, for skin, rectum, or nasal mucosa)
- Pastes
- Gels
Molded Solid Dosage Forms
- Suppositories (solid medicated preparations for rectal insertion)
- Pessaries (solid medicated preparations for vaginal insertion)
Liquid Dosage Forms
- Solutions (homogenous mixture of solute and solvent)
- Suspensions
- Emulsions
Types of Solutions
- Syrups (concentrated aqueous solutions of sugar)
- Elixirs (sweetened hydro-alcoholic solutions)
- Tinctures (alcoholic or hydro-alcoholic solutions containing herbal extracts)
- Gargles (aqueous solutions for prevention or treatment of throat infections)
- Mouthwashes (similar to gargles, for oral hygiene and infection treatment)
- Nasal solutions (aqueous solutions for local or systemic effects)
Administration of Drugs
- Factors governing the choice of administration route: physical and chemical nature of the drug, rate of absorption, site of action, onset of action, patient condition, and effects of GIT juices, enzymes, and first-pass metabolism
- Routes of administration:
- Oral administration
- Sublingual (rapid absorption, avoids GIT enzymes and first-pass metabolism)
- Intravenous
- Intra-arterial
- Intracardiac
- Intrathecal
- Intra-articular
- Inhalation
- Transdermal (through skin)
- Ophthalmic (in the eye)
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Description
This quiz covers the basics of pharmacology, including pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacotherapeutic process. Understand how drugs interact with cells and their mechanisms of action.
