Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
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Questions and Answers

What is the process by which a drug is transmitted from one location to another in the body?

  • Excretion
  • Distribution (correct)
  • Absorption
  • Metabolism

    • What is the main criterion in Toxicology?

  • Dose (correct)
  • Type of drug
  • Method of administration
  • Route of administration

    • What is the branch of Pharmacology that deals with the study of adverse effects of drugs on the body?

  • Pharmacoecomics
  • Therapeutics
  • Toxicology (correct)
  • Pharmacognosy

    • What is the process by which a drug is broken down in the body?

    <p>Metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the study of how drugs affect each other?

    <p>Drug interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the branch of Health Economics that aims to quantify the cost and benefit of drugs?

    <p>Pharmacoeconomics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which a drug is eliminated from the body?

    <p>Excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Rational Prescribing about?

    <p>Using the right dose, route, frequency, and duration of administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the old, crude method of identifying drugs?

    <p>Pharmacognosy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should not be sold to the public until a full market authorization is issued by the Philippine FDA?

    <p>Any COVID-19 vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a Compassionate Special Permit for Restricted Use of Unregistered Drug and Devices Product?

    <p>A permit signed by the BFAD Director for a specialized institution to avail of an unregistered drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the criteria for a patient to be eligible for a Compassionate Special Permit?

    <p>The patient's disease is serious or immediately life-threatening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the oldest source of drugs?

    <p>Plant sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the Digitalis purpurea plant is the source of digoxin?

    <p>Leaves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is obtained from the seeds of the castor oil plant?

    <p>Castor oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following plants gives morphine?

    <p>Papaver somniferum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is obtained from the fruits of the senna pod?

    <p>Senna, a purgative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is obtained from the Calabar beans?

    <p>Physostigmine, a cholinomimetic agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an elixir?

    <p>A pleasantly flavored and sweetened liquid preparation containing a high proportion of alcohol or glycerin or propylene glycol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a syrup?

    <p>A concentrated aqueous solution of sucrose or other sugars to which medicines or flavoring agents may be added</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a tincture?

    <p>An alcoholic or hydrochloric solution containing a comparatively low concentration of active principles of crude drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a tablet?

    <p>A compact product containing medicines in compressed form, discoid in shape but may be round or long, cylindrical or triangular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a capsule?

    <p>A medicine enclosed in a shell made of gelatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a pill?

    <p>A spherical or ovoid mass containing one or more medicaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a powder?

    <p>A mixture of two or more medicines in finely divided forms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a suppository?

    <p>A solid preparation meant for rectal route administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an enema?

    <p>An aqueous, liquid, oily solution or suspension for rectal route</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major consequence of pharmaceutical companies testing drugs outside of wealthy countries?

    <p>Increased drug prices for wealthier markets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is 'medical imperialism' primarily concerned with?

    <p>Investment focused on profitable markets in wealthy nations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does fear of product liability affect pharmaceutical companies?

    <p>Leads to delays in drug access for patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are 'orphan drugs'?

    <p>Medications that are beneficial to a small number of patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes drugs structurally similar to existing medications on the market?

    <p>Me-too drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason for the mistrust of scientists and the pharmaceutical industry?

    <p>Profit motive and obligations to shareholders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does patent protection last for a new drug in the U.S.?

    <p>20 years from patent filing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of a 'me-too drug'?

    <p>It is a deliberate attempt to take market share from competitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major criticism of drug marketing practices?

    <p>Influencing physician behavior through unsavory approaches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the increase in the length and number of trials have on drug costs?

    <p>It leads to higher prices for consumers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might pharmaceutical companies shy away from developing orphan drugs?

    <p>Potential for low profitability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do some health insurers choose not to cover certain brand name drugs?

    <p>To control costs and manage profitability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The increase in regulatory reviews often results in what effect on drug development?

    <p>Reduced innovation in drug formulas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which issue is linked to misconduct in drug invention and development?

    <p>Graft and fraud by scientists and executives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenge exists regarding the pricing of new cancer treatments?

    <p>Prohibitive costs that exceed development expenses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the marketing expenses of drugs compare to research and development expenses?

    <p>They are approximately equal or can exceed R&amp;D spending</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential ethical issue arises from the profit-driven nature of pharmaceutical companies?

    <p>Lack of focus on patient welfare</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might influence a scientist's research decisions in a pharmaceutical context?

    <p>Funding tied to specific drug outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Drug Processes and Pharmacology

    • Dissociation can occur without forming charged species (ionization).
    • Absorption refers to the movement of a drug into the bloodstream.
    • Distribution is the transmission of a drug from one location to another in the body.
    • Metabolism involves how a drug is processed within the body.
    • Excretion is the process of how a drug is expelled from the body.

    Therapeutics

    • Branch of pharmacology focused on treating diseases, blending pharmacological knowledge with disease understanding to prevent and cure ailments.
    • Chemotherapy utilizes chemicals to kill specific harmful cells, particularly microorganisms and cancerous cells, categorized into antibiotics and anti-neoplastic.

    Toxicology

    • Focuses on the adverse effects drugs may have on the body, including symptoms, mechanisms, treatment, and detection of poisoning.
    • The main criterion is the dose; many essential medicines can be toxic in high doses, while some poisons may be therapeutic in low doses.

    Rational Prescribing

    • Emphasizes the importance of selecting the right medication, dosage, administration route, frequency, and duration for optimal patient care.

    Pharmacoeconomics

    • A branch of health economics focusing on quantifying the costs and benefits of drugs used therapeutically in economic terms.

    Pharmacognosy

    • Identification of drugs by visual or olfactory means, now considered a crude and outdated practice.

    Regulatory Aspects of Drug Use

    • Compassionate Special Permit allows for restricted use of unregistered drugs for serious or life-threatening diseases when no approved treatments are available.
    • A patient's physician must agree that the experimental treatment may help, justifying the potential risks involved.

    Sources of Drugs

    • Plant Sources: Most ancient drugs were derived from plants, including:

      • Digitalis purpurea provides digoxin and digitoxin.
      • Eucalyptus yields essential oil for cough syrups.
      • Atropa belladonna produces atropine.
      • Poppy (Papaver somniferum) gives morphine; Vinca rosea provides vincristine and vinblastine.

    • Fruits, Seeds, Elixirs, Syrups, Tinctures:

      • Senna pods yield a purgative effect.
      • Castor oil helps serve as a laxative.
      • Elixirs are flavored preparations containing high alcohol content, e.g., paracetamol elixir.
      • Tinctures involve low concentrations of active ingredients.

    • Dosage Forms:

      • Tablets, capsules, pills, powders, granules, suppositories, enemas for various medicinal purposes.

    Controversial Issues in Drug Development

    • Mistrust of Industry: Concerns over ethical misconduct and profit motives within pharmaceutical companies, affecting public perception.
    • Pricing and Profitability: Many health insurers limit coverage for pricey branded drugs, and high costs for innovation hinder accessibility.
    • Intellectual Property: Patent protection lasts 20 years, allowing brand-name manufacturers exclusive rights during that period.
    • Drug Promotion: Expenditures on drug promotions often surpass R&D costs, leading to aggressive marketing strategies that may compromise physician integrity.

    Development Challenges

    • Lower-cost testing often occurs outside regulatory environments, causing disparities in drug accessibility for communities involved in development.
    • Product liabilities compel companies to extend trials and intensify regulatory reviews, raising consumer drug costs and delaying market entry.
    • "Me-Too" drugs represent similar pharmaceuticals aiming to compete with established drugs, raising concerns over genuine innovation versus derivative products.

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    Introduction to Pharmacology DOCD PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs in the body, as well as pharmacodynamic concepts like dissociation and ionization.

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