Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
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Questions and Answers

What is the process by which a drug is transmitted from one location to another in the body?

  • Excretion
  • Distribution (correct)
  • Absorption
  • Metabolism

    • What is the main criterion in Toxicology?

  • Dose (correct)
  • Type of drug
  • Method of administration
  • Route of administration

    • What is the branch of Pharmacology that deals with the study of adverse effects of drugs on the body?

  • Pharmacoecomics
  • Therapeutics
  • Toxicology (correct)
  • Pharmacognosy

    • What is the process by which a drug is broken down in the body?

    <p>Metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the study of how drugs affect each other?

    <p>Drug interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the branch of Health Economics that aims to quantify the cost and benefit of drugs?

    <p>Pharmacoeconomics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which a drug is eliminated from the body?

    <p>Excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Rational Prescribing about?

    <p>Using the right dose, route, frequency, and duration of administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the old, crude method of identifying drugs?

    <p>Pharmacognosy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should not be sold to the public until a full market authorization is issued by the Philippine FDA?

    <p>Any COVID-19 vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a Compassionate Special Permit for Restricted Use of Unregistered Drug and Devices Product?

    <p>A permit signed by the BFAD Director for a specialized institution to avail of an unregistered drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the criteria for a patient to be eligible for a Compassionate Special Permit?

    <p>The patient's disease is serious or immediately life-threatening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the oldest source of drugs?

    <p>Plant sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the Digitalis purpurea plant is the source of digoxin?

    <p>Leaves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is obtained from the seeds of the castor oil plant?

    <p>Castor oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following plants gives morphine?

    <p>Papaver somniferum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is obtained from the fruits of the senna pod?

    <p>Senna, a purgative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is obtained from the Calabar beans?

    <p>Physostigmine, a cholinomimetic agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an elixir?

    <p>A pleasantly flavored and sweetened liquid preparation containing a high proportion of alcohol or glycerin or propylene glycol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a syrup?

    <p>A concentrated aqueous solution of sucrose or other sugars to which medicines or flavoring agents may be added</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a tincture?

    <p>An alcoholic or hydrochloric solution containing a comparatively low concentration of active principles of crude drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a tablet?

    <p>A compact product containing medicines in compressed form, discoid in shape but may be round or long, cylindrical or triangular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a capsule?

    <p>A medicine enclosed in a shell made of gelatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a pill?

    <p>A spherical or ovoid mass containing one or more medicaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a powder?

    <p>A mixture of two or more medicines in finely divided forms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a suppository?

    <p>A solid preparation meant for rectal route administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an enema?

    <p>An aqueous, liquid, oily solution or suspension for rectal route</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major consequence of pharmaceutical companies testing drugs outside of wealthy countries?

    <p>Increased drug prices for wealthier markets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is 'medical imperialism' primarily concerned with?

    <p>Investment focused on profitable markets in wealthy nations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does fear of product liability affect pharmaceutical companies?

    <p>Leads to delays in drug access for patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are 'orphan drugs'?

    <p>Medications that are beneficial to a small number of patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes drugs structurally similar to existing medications on the market?

    <p>Me-too drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason for the mistrust of scientists and the pharmaceutical industry?

    <p>Profit motive and obligations to shareholders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does patent protection last for a new drug in the U.S.?

    <p>20 years from patent filing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of a 'me-too drug'?

    <p>It is a deliberate attempt to take market share from competitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major criticism of drug marketing practices?

    <p>Influencing physician behavior through unsavory approaches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the increase in the length and number of trials have on drug costs?

    <p>It leads to higher prices for consumers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might pharmaceutical companies shy away from developing orphan drugs?

    <p>Potential for low profitability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do some health insurers choose not to cover certain brand name drugs?

    <p>To control costs and manage profitability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The increase in regulatory reviews often results in what effect on drug development?

    <p>Reduced innovation in drug formulas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which issue is linked to misconduct in drug invention and development?

    <p>Graft and fraud by scientists and executives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenge exists regarding the pricing of new cancer treatments?

    <p>Prohibitive costs that exceed development expenses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the marketing expenses of drugs compare to research and development expenses?

    <p>They are approximately equal or can exceed R&amp;D spending</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential ethical issue arises from the profit-driven nature of pharmaceutical companies?

    <p>Lack of focus on patient welfare</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might influence a scientist's research decisions in a pharmaceutical context?

    <p>Funding tied to specific drug outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Drug Processes and Pharmacology

    • Dissociation can occur without forming charged species (ionization).
    • Absorption refers to the movement of a drug into the bloodstream.
    • Distribution is the transmission of a drug from one location to another in the body.
    • Metabolism involves how a drug is processed within the body.
    • Excretion is the process of how a drug is expelled from the body.

    Therapeutics

    • Branch of pharmacology focused on treating diseases, blending pharmacological knowledge with disease understanding to prevent and cure ailments.
    • Chemotherapy utilizes chemicals to kill specific harmful cells, particularly microorganisms and cancerous cells, categorized into antibiotics and anti-neoplastic.

    Toxicology

    • Focuses on the adverse effects drugs may have on the body, including symptoms, mechanisms, treatment, and detection of poisoning.
    • The main criterion is the dose; many essential medicines can be toxic in high doses, while some poisons may be therapeutic in low doses.

    Rational Prescribing

    • Emphasizes the importance of selecting the right medication, dosage, administration route, frequency, and duration for optimal patient care.

    Pharmacoeconomics

    • A branch of health economics focusing on quantifying the costs and benefits of drugs used therapeutically in economic terms.

    Pharmacognosy

    • Identification of drugs by visual or olfactory means, now considered a crude and outdated practice.

    Regulatory Aspects of Drug Use

    • Compassionate Special Permit allows for restricted use of unregistered drugs for serious or life-threatening diseases when no approved treatments are available.
    • A patient's physician must agree that the experimental treatment may help, justifying the potential risks involved.

    Sources of Drugs

    • Plant Sources: Most ancient drugs were derived from plants, including:

      • Digitalis purpurea provides digoxin and digitoxin.
      • Eucalyptus yields essential oil for cough syrups.
      • Atropa belladonna produces atropine.
      • Poppy (Papaver somniferum) gives morphine; Vinca rosea provides vincristine and vinblastine.

    • Fruits, Seeds, Elixirs, Syrups, Tinctures:

      • Senna pods yield a purgative effect.
      • Castor oil helps serve as a laxative.
      • Elixirs are flavored preparations containing high alcohol content, e.g., paracetamol elixir.
      • Tinctures involve low concentrations of active ingredients.

    • Dosage Forms:

      • Tablets, capsules, pills, powders, granules, suppositories, enemas for various medicinal purposes.

    Controversial Issues in Drug Development

    • Mistrust of Industry: Concerns over ethical misconduct and profit motives within pharmaceutical companies, affecting public perception.
    • Pricing and Profitability: Many health insurers limit coverage for pricey branded drugs, and high costs for innovation hinder accessibility.
    • Intellectual Property: Patent protection lasts 20 years, allowing brand-name manufacturers exclusive rights during that period.
    • Drug Promotion: Expenditures on drug promotions often surpass R&D costs, leading to aggressive marketing strategies that may compromise physician integrity.

    Development Challenges

    • Lower-cost testing often occurs outside regulatory environments, causing disparities in drug accessibility for communities involved in development.
    • Product liabilities compel companies to extend trials and intensify regulatory reviews, raising consumer drug costs and delaying market entry.
    • "Me-Too" drugs represent similar pharmaceuticals aiming to compete with established drugs, raising concerns over genuine innovation versus derivative products.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs in the body, as well as pharmacodynamic concepts like dissociation and ionization.

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