Pharmacology Notes
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Questions and Answers

What factors influence a person's ability to absorb a drug well?

  • The color of the drug
  • Time of day the drug is taken
  • Weight and height of the person
  • Rate of absorption and good circulation (correct)

A smaller surface area increases the effectiveness of drug absorption.

False (B)

What happens to drug absorption as the surface area increases?

Drug absorption improves.

If a person has good circulation, they have the ability to absorb the drug ______.

<p>well</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms related to drug absorption with their definitions:

<p>Rate of absorption = Speed at which a drug is taken into the bloodstream Good circulation = Efficient blood flow throughout the body Total surface area = Overall area available for absorption Drug absorption = Process of a drug entering the body and bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the first process that occurs after drug administration?

<p>Absorption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The distribution of the drug occurs before its absorption into the body.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called that involves the breakdown of the parent drug?

<p>Metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of eliminating the drug and its metabolites from the body is called __________.

<p>excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following processes with their descriptions:

<p>Absorption = The process of drug entering the body systems Distribution = The dispersion of the drug throughout the body Metabolism = The transformation of the parent drug Excretion = The removal of the drug and metabolites from the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor significantly affects the absorption process of a drug?

<p>Route of administration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Excretion is the final step in the pharmacokinetic processes after drug administration.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the four distinct areas of processes that occur after drug administration.

<p>Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do partial agonists have on receptors?

<p>They activate receptors but to a limited extent. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Atenolol selectively binds to Beta-1 receptors to reduce heart rate and blood pressure.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of Atenolol on the heart?

<p>It reduces heart rate and blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Atenolol causes _________ by promoting smooth muscle relaxation in the lungs.

<p>bronchodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the effects with their corresponding actions of Atenolol:

<p>Bronchodilation = Effect on lung smooth muscle Reduced heart rate = Effect on heart Beta-1 receptors Decreased blood pressure = Effect on cardiovascular system Inhibition of adrenaline = Effect on neurotransmitter action</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which receptors does Atenolol primarily block in the heart?

<p>Beta-1 receptors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Atenolol has no impact on adrenaline and noradrenaline effects.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological response is facilitated by the blocking of Beta-1 receptors?

<p>Reduction in heart rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a synergist in the context of drug interactions?

<p>A drug that enhances the effect of another drug (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Drug interactions always result in decreased effectiveness of the primary drug.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one example of a drug interaction mentioned.

<p>Aspirin-warfarin</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect can drugs that undergo second-pass metabolism have on the body?

<p>They may stay longer in the body. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In addition to interacting with another drug, some drugs may also interact with __________.

<p>minerals</p> Signup and view all the answers

Drugs with active metabolites may reduce the risk of toxicity in patients with liver impairment.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What organ is primarily responsible for excreting drugs?

<p>Kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be a dramatic result of drug-drug interactions?

<p>Dramatic increase in the intended effect (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The kidneys are responsible for excreting drugs, especially _____ soluble ones.

<p>water</p> Signup and view all the answers

Synergistic drug interactions only occur between pharmaceutical drugs.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of increased drug accumulation due to impaired metabolism?

<p>Increased risk of toxicity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'interacting' refer to in drug interactions?

<p>When one drug affects the performance or effectiveness of another drug.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

<p>Synergist = Enhances the effect of another drug Aspirin = Commonly used for pain relief and inflammation Warfarin = An anticoagulant medication Drug-drug interaction = When a drug's effect is altered by another drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms related to drug metabolism with their definitions:

<p>Second-pass metabolism = The process by which drugs are metabolized after absorption and before entering circulation Active metabolites = Substances formed from medications that retain biological activity Liver impairment = A condition that affects the liver's ability to metabolize substances Toxicity = The degree to which a substance can harm an organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Modified dosing may be necessary for patients with liver impairment due to altered drug metabolism.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary risk associated with active metabolites in patients with liver problems?

<p>Increased risk of toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of first-pass metabolism on a drug?

<p>It reduces the drug's bioavailability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

First-pass metabolism occurs exclusively in the kidneys.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one common method to administer drugs with high first-pass metabolism?

<p>Sublingually</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process in which a drug is metabolized before reaching systemic circulation is known as _____ metabolism.

<p>first-pass</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might a drug with high first-pass metabolism require alternative routes of administration?

<p>To allow more of the drug to enter systemic circulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Second-pass metabolism occurs before the drug enters systemic circulation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is primarily involved in first-pass metabolism?

<p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

Drugs requiring higher oral doses due to extensive first-pass metabolism may be administered through _____ routes.

<p>alternative</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is an example of one that undergoes significant first-pass metabolism when administered orally?

<p>GTN (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Drug absorption

How well a drug is taken into the body.

Rate of absorption

The rate at which a drug enters the bloodstream.

Total surface area

The total surface area exposed to the drug.

Surface area and absorption

The greater the surface area, the better the drug absorption.

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Circulation and absorption

Good blood flow helps the drug get into the body.

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Pharmacokinetic Processes

The processes that occur in the body after drug administration, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

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Drug Distribution

The spread of a drug throughout the body's tissues and organs.

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Drug Metabolism

The process by which the body breaks down a drug into its metabolites.

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Drug Excretion

The elimination of a drug and its metabolites from the body.

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Route of Administration

The most important factor affecting the rate of drug absorption.

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Time to Peak Concentration

The amount of time it takes for a drug to reach its peak concentration in the bloodstream.

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Drug Concentration

The amount of drug remaining in the body after a certain time period.

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Recirculation

The process by which a drug is reabsorbed into the bloodstream after it has been metabolized in the liver.

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Excretion

The process of removing drugs and their metabolites from the body.

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First-Pass Metabolism

The first pass of a drug through the liver before it reaches systemic circulation.

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Second-Pass Metabolism

The metabolism of a drug after it has been absorbed into the bloodstream and circulated to the liver.

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Drug Degradation

The process by which a drug is broken down into smaller, inactive molecules.

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Active Metabolites

When a drug is metabolized to a form that is still active.

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Kidney Excretion

The kidneys are the primary organs responsible for excreting drugs and their metabolites.

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Bioavailability

The amount of a drug that actually reaches the systemic circulation after administration.

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High first-pass metabolism drug

A drug that undergoes significant metabolism in the liver, resulting in low bioavailability.

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Sublingual administration

Giving a drug under the tongue, bypassing the first-pass metabolism in the liver.

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Therapeutic levels

The concentration of a drug in the bloodstream needed to achieve a therapeutic effect.

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Oral administration

Administering a drug by mouth.

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Alternative routes of administration

Alternative routes of administration that bypass the first-pass metabolism, such as sublingual, intravenous, or rectal.

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High oral doses for high first-pass metabolism drugs

Drugs with high first-pass metabolism may require higher oral doses to achieve therapeutic levels because a significant portion is broken down in the liver.

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Clinical implications of first-pass metabolism

Changes to the way a drug is administered to achieve therapeutic levels in the bloodstream.

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Beta-2 Agonist

A type of medication that selectively binds to Beta-2 receptors in the lungs, causing bronchodilation, making it useful for treating conditions like asthma.

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Beta-1 Blocker

A type of medication that selectively binds to Beta-1 receptors in the heart, reducing heart rate and blood pressure by decreasing the effect of adrenaline and noradrenaline.

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Partial Agonist

A type of medication that binds to receptors and activates them, but only to a limited extent.

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Antenolol

A drug that binds to the Beta-1 receptors in the heart and blocks the effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline, leading to a reduction in heart rate and blood pressure.

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Bronchodilation

The process of widening the airways in the lungs, making it easier to breathe.

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Adrenaline

A chemical messenger that triggers responses in the body, like an increase in heart rate and blood pressure.

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Noradrenaline

Similar to adrenaline, another chemical messenger that influences the heart and blood vessels.

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Effect of adrenaline and noradrenaline on the heart

The effect of adrenaline and noradrenaline on the heart is decreased by Beta-1 blockers, resulting in a slower heart rate and lower blood pressure.

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Synergist

A drug that increases the effect of another drug.

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Drug-drug interaction

When two or more drugs interact and produce a combined effect that's greater than the sum of their individual effects.

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Synergistic drug interaction

A drug-drug interaction where one drug enhances the effect of another.

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Primary drug

The primary drug in a synergistic interaction, whose effect is enhanced by the synergist.

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Synergist drug

The drug that enhances the effect of the primary drug.

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Aspirin-warfarin interaction

A type of drug-drug interaction where the effect of the primary drug is increased, as seen in the example of aspirin and warfarin.

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Drug interactions with other substances

Drugs can interact not only with other drugs but also with minerals, vitamins, and herbal supplements.

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Interactions with vitamins, minerals, and herbal supplements

In addition to interacting with other drugs, some drugs may also interact with other substances like vitamins, minerals, and herbal supplements.

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Study Notes

Pharmacology Study Notes

  • Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics:

    • Pharmacodynamics: the effect drugs have on the body
    • Pharmacokinetics: the study of how drugs move through the body during absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

  • Pharmacokinetics Processes:

    • Absorption: the process by which a drug enters the body
    • Distribution: how a drug moves through the body's systems
    • Metabolism: the body breaking down and converting drugs
    • Excretion: how the body removes drugs

  • Routes of Administration:

    • Oral: convenient, non-sterile, good absorption, can cause GI irritation
    • Sublingual: avoids first pass, fast absorption, avoids gastric acid
    • Rectal: avoids first pass, avoids gastric acid, less dignified for patient
    • Intravenous: rapid action, complete availability, painful, risk of tissue damage
    • Intramuscular: moderate absorption rate, painful, limited volume capacity, risk of tissue damage
    • Subcutaneous: slower, sustained release, slower onset, smaller dose volumes
    • Inhaled: rapid action on respiratory tract, large absorption area, few disadvantages

  • Factors Affecting Absorption:

    • Physiological factors: blood flow to the absorbing site, total surface area for absorption, time of arrival and contact time
    • Physico-chemical factors: solubility, pH of absorption site

  • Drug Distribution:

    • How a drug moves from bloodstream to tissues and organs
    • Factors influencing distribution: blood flow and perfusion, plasma protein binding

  • Bioavailability:

    • The proportion of the drug that enters systemic circulation after introduction

  • Drug Metabolism:

    • Process by which the body breaks down and converts drugs into more easily eliminated forms
    • Liver is the primary organ for metabolism, where enzymes chemically alter drugs
    • Other tissues like kidneys, lungs, and intestines also metabolize drugs
    • Cytochrome P450 family in the liver plays a key role

  • Phases of Drug Metabolism:

    • Phase 1: Drug structure is modified through oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis.
    • Phase 2: Modified drug is combined with another substance to increase water-solubility and facilitate excretion.

  • First Pass Metabolism:

    • Initial processing of a drug by the liver after absorption from the GI tract
    • Can reduce bioavailability before reaching systemic circulation

  • Second Pass Metabolism:

    • Further metabolism of a drug that has already circulated through the body
    • Can happen if the drug is re-absorbed from the bile into the bloodstream and returned to the liver

  • Excretion:

    • Kidneys are the primary organs for excreting drugs, particularly water-soluble compounds
    • Other routes: gaseous/volatile drugs (like anesthetics) are excreted through lungs

  • Factors Affecting Drug Excretion:

    • Kidney function, liver function, half-life of the drug

  • Pharmacodynamics: Mechanism of Action

    • Agonists vs Antagonists: agonists activate receptors, while antagonists block them to prevent a response
    • Partial agonists: produce a moderate effect, even at high doses
    • Inverse agonists: have the opposite effect to agonists, decreasing baseline activity
    • Synergists: enhance the effect of another drug
    • Not all drug actions are receptor-type interactions
    • Enzyme interactions, ion channel modulation are other important mechanisms through which drugs can exert their effects

  • Dose-Response Relationship:

    • Relationship between dose and effect of a drug.
    • Therapeutic dose: the dose that produces desired effect
    • Toxic dose: the dose at which adverse effects develop
    • Therapeutic index: ratio of toxic dose to therapeutic dose

  • Drug-Response Time:

    • Onset of action: how quickly a drug starts working
    • Peak effect: time it takes to reach maximum effect
    • Duration of action: how long a drug's effect lasts
    • Efficacy: maximum effect possible from a drug regardless of dose
    • Potency: amount required to achieve a desired effect

  • Side Effects and Adverse Reactions:

    • Side effects: predictable, often mild, effects based on drug action
    • Adverse reactions: unexpected, potentially harmful, often need immediate intervention

  • Anticoagulants:

    • Reduce the body's ability to clot
    • Examples: heparin, warfarin, low-molecular-weight heparins, direct oral anticoagulants

  • Antiplatelets:

    • Reduce the ability of platelets to clump together
    • Examples: aspirin, P2Y12 inhibitors

  • Antifibrinolytic drugs:

    • Prevent the breakdown of clots, preventing further bleeding.
    • Example: Tranexamic acid

  • Prehospital Medication:

    • Examples: Activated charcoal (to adsorb toxins), adrenaline (for severe allergic reactions).

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Description

Explore key concepts of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics with this quiz. Learn about the various processes that drugs undergo in the body and the different routes of administration. Gain a solid understanding of how drugs interact within biological systems.

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