Pharmacology Notes
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What factors influence a person's ability to absorb a drug well?

  • The color of the drug
  • Time of day the drug is taken
  • Weight and height of the person
  • Rate of absorption and good circulation (correct)

    • A smaller surface area increases the effectiveness of drug absorption.

    False

    What happens to drug absorption as the surface area increases?

    Drug absorption improves.

    If a person has good circulation, they have the ability to absorb the drug ______.

    <p>well</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms related to drug absorption with their definitions:

    <p>Rate of absorption = Speed at which a drug is taken into the bloodstream Good circulation = Efficient blood flow throughout the body Total surface area = Overall area available for absorption Drug absorption = Process of a drug entering the body and bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the first process that occurs after drug administration?

    <p>Absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The distribution of the drug occurs before its absorption into the body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called that involves the breakdown of the parent drug?

    <p>Metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of eliminating the drug and its metabolites from the body is called __________.

    <p>excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following processes with their descriptions:

    <p>Absorption = The process of drug entering the body systems Distribution = The dispersion of the drug throughout the body Metabolism = The transformation of the parent drug Excretion = The removal of the drug and metabolites from the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor significantly affects the absorption process of a drug?

    <p>Route of administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Excretion is the final step in the pharmacokinetic processes after drug administration.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the four distinct areas of processes that occur after drug administration.

    <p>Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do partial agonists have on receptors?

    <p>They activate receptors but to a limited extent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Atenolol selectively binds to Beta-1 receptors to reduce heart rate and blood pressure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of Atenolol on the heart?

    <p>It reduces heart rate and blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Atenolol causes _________ by promoting smooth muscle relaxation in the lungs.

    <p>bronchodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the effects with their corresponding actions of Atenolol:

    <p>Bronchodilation = Effect on lung smooth muscle Reduced heart rate = Effect on heart Beta-1 receptors Decreased blood pressure = Effect on cardiovascular system Inhibition of adrenaline = Effect on neurotransmitter action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptors does Atenolol primarily block in the heart?

    <p>Beta-1 receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Atenolol has no impact on adrenaline and noradrenaline effects.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological response is facilitated by the blocking of Beta-1 receptors?

    <p>Reduction in heart rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a synergist in the context of drug interactions?

    <p>A drug that enhances the effect of another drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Drug interactions always result in decreased effectiveness of the primary drug.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one example of a drug interaction mentioned.

    <p>Aspirin-warfarin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect can drugs that undergo second-pass metabolism have on the body?

    <p>They may stay longer in the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In addition to interacting with another drug, some drugs may also interact with __________.

    <p>minerals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Drugs with active metabolites may reduce the risk of toxicity in patients with liver impairment.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What organ is primarily responsible for excreting drugs?

    <p>Kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a dramatic result of drug-drug interactions?

    <p>Dramatic increase in the intended effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The kidneys are responsible for excreting drugs, especially _____ soluble ones.

    <p>water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Synergistic drug interactions only occur between pharmaceutical drugs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of increased drug accumulation due to impaired metabolism?

    <p>Increased risk of toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'interacting' refer to in drug interactions?

    <p>When one drug affects the performance or effectiveness of another drug.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Synergist = Enhances the effect of another drug Aspirin = Commonly used for pain relief and inflammation Warfarin = An anticoagulant medication Drug-drug interaction = When a drug's effect is altered by another drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms related to drug metabolism with their definitions:

    <p>Second-pass metabolism = The process by which drugs are metabolized after absorption and before entering circulation Active metabolites = Substances formed from medications that retain biological activity Liver impairment = A condition that affects the liver's ability to metabolize substances Toxicity = The degree to which a substance can harm an organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Modified dosing may be necessary for patients with liver impairment due to altered drug metabolism.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary risk associated with active metabolites in patients with liver problems?

    <p>Increased risk of toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of first-pass metabolism on a drug?

    <p>It reduces the drug's bioavailability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    First-pass metabolism occurs exclusively in the kidneys.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one common method to administer drugs with high first-pass metabolism?

    <p>Sublingually</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process in which a drug is metabolized before reaching systemic circulation is known as _____ metabolism.

    <p>first-pass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might a drug with high first-pass metabolism require alternative routes of administration?

    <p>To allow more of the drug to enter systemic circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Second-pass metabolism occurs before the drug enters systemic circulation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ is primarily involved in first-pass metabolism?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Drugs requiring higher oral doses due to extensive first-pass metabolism may be administered through _____ routes.

    <p>alternative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is an example of one that undergoes significant first-pass metabolism when administered orally?

    <p>GTN</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pharmacology Study Notes

    • Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics:

      • Pharmacodynamics: the effect drugs have on the body
      • Pharmacokinetics: the study of how drugs move through the body during absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

    • Pharmacokinetics Processes:

      • Absorption: the process by which a drug enters the body
      • Distribution: how a drug moves through the body's systems
      • Metabolism: the body breaking down and converting drugs
      • Excretion: how the body removes drugs

    • Routes of Administration:

      • Oral: convenient, non-sterile, good absorption, can cause GI irritation
      • Sublingual: avoids first pass, fast absorption, avoids gastric acid
      • Rectal: avoids first pass, avoids gastric acid, less dignified for patient
      • Intravenous: rapid action, complete availability, painful, risk of tissue damage
      • Intramuscular: moderate absorption rate, painful, limited volume capacity, risk of tissue damage
      • Subcutaneous: slower, sustained release, slower onset, smaller dose volumes
      • Inhaled: rapid action on respiratory tract, large absorption area, few disadvantages

    • Factors Affecting Absorption:

      • Physiological factors: blood flow to the absorbing site, total surface area for absorption, time of arrival and contact time
      • Physico-chemical factors: solubility, pH of absorption site

    • Drug Distribution:

      • How a drug moves from bloodstream to tissues and organs
      • Factors influencing distribution: blood flow and perfusion, plasma protein binding

    • Bioavailability:

      • The proportion of the drug that enters systemic circulation after introduction

    • Drug Metabolism:

      • Process by which the body breaks down and converts drugs into more easily eliminated forms
      • Liver is the primary organ for metabolism, where enzymes chemically alter drugs
      • Other tissues like kidneys, lungs, and intestines also metabolize drugs
      • Cytochrome P450 family in the liver plays a key role

    • Phases of Drug Metabolism:

      • Phase 1: Drug structure is modified through oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis.
      • Phase 2: Modified drug is combined with another substance to increase water-solubility and facilitate excretion.

    • First Pass Metabolism:

      • Initial processing of a drug by the liver after absorption from the GI tract
      • Can reduce bioavailability before reaching systemic circulation

    • Second Pass Metabolism:

      • Further metabolism of a drug that has already circulated through the body
      • Can happen if the drug is re-absorbed from the bile into the bloodstream and returned to the liver

    • Excretion:

      • Kidneys are the primary organs for excreting drugs, particularly water-soluble compounds
      • Other routes: gaseous/volatile drugs (like anesthetics) are excreted through lungs

    • Factors Affecting Drug Excretion:

      • Kidney function, liver function, half-life of the drug

    • Pharmacodynamics: Mechanism of Action

      • Agonists vs Antagonists: agonists activate receptors, while antagonists block them to prevent a response
      • Partial agonists: produce a moderate effect, even at high doses
      • Inverse agonists: have the opposite effect to agonists, decreasing baseline activity
      • Synergists: enhance the effect of another drug
      • Not all drug actions are receptor-type interactions
      • Enzyme interactions, ion channel modulation are other important mechanisms through which drugs can exert their effects

    • Dose-Response Relationship:

      • Relationship between dose and effect of a drug.
      • Therapeutic dose: the dose that produces desired effect
      • Toxic dose: the dose at which adverse effects develop
      • Therapeutic index: ratio of toxic dose to therapeutic dose

    • Drug-Response Time:

      • Onset of action: how quickly a drug starts working
      • Peak effect: time it takes to reach maximum effect
      • Duration of action: how long a drug's effect lasts
      • Efficacy: maximum effect possible from a drug regardless of dose
      • Potency: amount required to achieve a desired effect

    • Side Effects and Adverse Reactions:

      • Side effects: predictable, often mild, effects based on drug action
      • Adverse reactions: unexpected, potentially harmful, often need immediate intervention

    • Anticoagulants:

      • Reduce the body's ability to clot
      • Examples: heparin, warfarin, low-molecular-weight heparins, direct oral anticoagulants

    • Antiplatelets:

      • Reduce the ability of platelets to clump together
      • Examples: aspirin, P2Y12 inhibitors

    • Antifibrinolytic drugs:

      • Prevent the breakdown of clots, preventing further bleeding.
      • Example: Tranexamic acid

    • Prehospital Medication:

      • Examples: Activated charcoal (to adsorb toxins), adrenaline (for severe allergic reactions).

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    Pharmacology Revision Notes (PDF)

    Description

    Explore key concepts of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics with this quiz. Learn about the various processes that drugs undergo in the body and the different routes of administration. Gain a solid understanding of how drugs interact within biological systems.

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