General Pathology Overview

The ability of a cell to adapt to stress by changing size, number, or function.

A change in cell size, often due to increased workload.

An increase in the number of cells in a tissue.

A decrease in the size of cells and tissues due to a decrease in workload or nutrient supply.

A change in cell type, often due to chronic irritation.

The point at which cell injury becomes irreversible and leads to cell death.

A sampling of the entire diseased tissue.

A sampling of a portion of the diseased tissue.

The study of diseases, focusing on structural and functional changes in tissues and organs.

A state of ill-health resulting from changes in tissues or organs that are outside the normal range.

General principles of disease and how living tissues respond to harmful stimuli.

Factors that make someone more likely to develop a specific disease.

The direct cause of a disease, the trigger that sets things in motion.

The mechanism or sequence of events by which disease develops.

Visible changes in organs, tissues, and cells affected by disease.

The observable signs and symptoms of a disease.

A severe form of cloudy swelling where cells accumulate excess water, creating large water-filled compartments within the cytoplasm.

Abnormal and excessive buildup of triglycerides in non-fatty tissues, particularly in organs responsible for metabolism.

The liver, being a major player in fat metabolism, is often the first organ to show signs of fatty change.

Free fatty acids enter liver cells excessively, fat synthesis increases, and the liver struggles to break down and release fats, leading to buildup.

The liver becomes enlarged, soft, and yellow due to fat accumulation, feeling greasy to the touch.

Early stages show small fat droplets around the nucleus. Later, these droplets fuse into one large globule, pushing the nucleus to the side, creating a 'signet-ring' appearance.

Fatty change in the kidneys can lead to leakage of protein into the urine.

The heart becomes soft, flabby, and enlarged. Damaged heart muscles appear yellow, contrasting with healthy red muscle, giving a mottled 'tigroid' appearance.