Questions and Answers
What is pathology defined as?
Scientific study of changes in the structure and function of the body in disease.
Which of the following are core aspects of disease in pathology? (Select all that apply)
What does etiology refer to in pathology?
Origin of the disease.
What does pathogenesis describe?
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What are the two types of morphological changes in pathology?
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Name a diagnostic technique used in pathology.
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The process of putting removed tissue into 10% formaldehyde is called ______.
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Which step in processing tissues involves removing water using alcohol?
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What does cytopathology study?
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Cytopathology requires anesthesia for taking specimens.
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Name one method used to obtain cells in cytopathology.
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Study Notes
Introduction to Pathology
- Pathology combines the Greek words "pathos" (suffering) and "logos" (study), referring to the scientific study of disease and its effects on the body.
- It establishes a scientific foundation for medicine by focusing on cellular and molecular changes in diseases.
Subdivisions of Pathology
- General Pathology: Covers fundamental principles and mechanisms of disease, including both morphological and non-morphological aspects.
- Systematic Pathology: Focuses on diseases related to specific organs and body systems.
Core Aspects of Disease
- Etiology: Investigates the origin of a disease, categorized into primary etiology (known causes) and idiopathic (unknown causes).
- Pathogenesis: Describes the sequence of events that lead to the development of a disease.
- Morphologic Changes: Examines structural alterations in cells or tissues, classified into:
- Gross changes (visible to the naked eye)
- Microscopic changes (observed under a microscope)
- Functional Derangements: Looks at clinical features (signs and symptoms) and prognosis related to diseases.
Diagnostic Techniques in Pathology
- Histopathology: Study of tissues at the microscopic level.
- Cytopathology: Examination of cells from various body tissues.
- Hematopathology: Focuses on blood and its disorders.
- Immunohistochemistry: Uses antibodies to detect specific antigens in tissues.
- Microbiological Examination: Analysis of microbes to identify infectious agents.
- Biochemical Examination: Tests for biochemical changes in body fluids.
- Cytogenetics: Studies chromosomal alterations.
- Molecular Techniques: Involves DNA/RNA analysis for genetic disorders.
- Autopsy: Examination after death to understand disease causes.
Histopathology Techniques
- Biopsy: Obtains tissue samples for analysis, either incisional (part of tissue) or excisional (entire tissue).
- Fixation: Uses 10% formaldehyde to preserve tissue and prevent decomposition.
- Processing Steps:
- Dehydration: Removes water from tissue using alcohol.
- Clearing: Replaces alcohol with a solvent for embedding.
- Infiltration: Saturates tissue with molten wax for embedding.
- Embedding: Placing tissue in molds with wax.
- Trimming/Sectioning: Cuts tissue into thin slices using a microtome.
- Staining: Adds color to highlight structures.
- Mounting: Places tissue sections on slides with coverslips.
- Labelling: Assigns unique identifiers to sections.
Cytopathology Techniques
- Cytopathology focuses on diagnosing diseases by examining cells from lesions.
- Applications include:
- Screening for asymptomatic cancers.
- Diagnosing symptomatic cancers.
- Monitoring cancer patients post-treatment.
- Advantages of cytopathology:
- Cost-effective.
- Quick results.
- Non-invasive sampling methods.
- Methods include:
- Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC): Obtains cells using a thin needle with imaging guidance for deep lesions.
- Exfoliative Cytology: Examines shed cells from body fluids.
- Abrasive Cytology: Uses tools to dislodge cells from surfaces (e.g., Pap smears).
Hematopathology
- Hematopathological examination identifies abnormalities in blood cells and their precursors in the bone marrow.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the introduction to pathology, covering the definition, core aspects, diagnostic techniques, and the causes of diseases. Understand the scientific study of changes in body structure and function due to disease. Prepare to explore the outcomes and consequences that diseases bring.
