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Questions and Answers
Which type of inflammation is characterized by the production of a large amount of purulent exudate?
Which type of inflammation is characterized by the production of a large amount of purulent exudate?
What is the defining characteristic of an ulcer?
What is the defining characteristic of an ulcer?
Which of the following pairs correctly describes the type of cell death and its characteristics?
Which of the following pairs correctly describes the type of cell death and its characteristics?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of regeneration in tissue repair?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of regeneration in tissue repair?
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Which of the following is NOT a typical location for ulcers?
Which of the following is NOT a typical location for ulcers?
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Which of the following pigments is most commonly associated with accumulation in lymph nodes and pulmonary parenchyma?
Which of the following pigments is most commonly associated with accumulation in lymph nodes and pulmonary parenchyma?
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Which pigment is a marker of past free radical injury?
Which pigment is a marker of past free radical injury?
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What is the primary function of melanin in the body?
What is the primary function of melanin in the body?
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Which pigment arises from the breakdown of hemoglobin and is characterized by the absence of iron?
Which pigment arises from the breakdown of hemoglobin and is characterized by the absence of iron?
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Which pigment is most commonly encountered in conditions like malaria, pernicious anemia, and toxic hemolysis?
Which pigment is most commonly encountered in conditions like malaria, pernicious anemia, and toxic hemolysis?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of hemozoin?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of hemozoin?
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What is the main difference between hemosiderin and hematoidin?
What is the main difference between hemosiderin and hematoidin?
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Which pigment is known as the 'wear-and-tear pigment' and is often seen in aging cells?
Which pigment is known as the 'wear-and-tear pigment' and is often seen in aging cells?
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What is the defining characteristic that differentiates somatic death from molecular death?
What is the defining characteristic that differentiates somatic death from molecular death?
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What kind of autopsy is typically performed for prosecution purposes?
What kind of autopsy is typically performed for prosecution purposes?
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What is the primary purpose of a "head-to-toe" autopsy?
What is the primary purpose of a "head-to-toe" autopsy?
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Which technique involves removing organs one by one for examination?
Which technique involves removing organs one by one for examination?
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What is the term for the individual who performs the autopsy?
What is the term for the individual who performs the autopsy?
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What is the primary function of a coroner?
What is the primary function of a coroner?
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Which type of autopsy is typically requested by the family of the deceased?
Which type of autopsy is typically requested by the family of the deceased?
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What is the term for the self-digestion of cells?
What is the term for the self-digestion of cells?
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Which of the following is NOT a common sign of somatic death?
Which of the following is NOT a common sign of somatic death?
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Which incision technique is typically used for autopsies on female cadavers?
Which incision technique is typically used for autopsies on female cadavers?
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What is a key characteristic of necrosis compared to apoptosis?
What is a key characteristic of necrosis compared to apoptosis?
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Which of the following describes autophagy?
Which of the following describes autophagy?
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What is the difference in cellular contents during necrosis and apoptosis?
What is the difference in cellular contents during necrosis and apoptosis?
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Which condition primarily results from oxygen deficiency?
Which condition primarily results from oxygen deficiency?
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What is the physiological role of apoptosis?
What is the physiological role of apoptosis?
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What does the term 'etiology' refer to in pathology?
What does the term 'etiology' refer to in pathology?
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Which of the following terms describes a failure to form an opening?
Which of the following terms describes a failure to form an opening?
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What term describes the increased tissue size due to increased cell size?
What term describes the increased tissue size due to increased cell size?
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Which type of atrophy occurs naturally as part of normal aging?
Which type of atrophy occurs naturally as part of normal aging?
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What is the primary focus of pathogenesis in the study of diseases?
What is the primary focus of pathogenesis in the study of diseases?
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Which sign describes structural alterations in cells or tissues?
Which sign describes structural alterations in cells or tissues?
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What does 'agenesia' signify in terms of tissue changes?
What does 'agenesia' signify in terms of tissue changes?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of pseudohypertrophy?
Which of the following is a characteristic of pseudohypertrophy?
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What type of necrosis is characterized by the formation of pus due to enzyme dissolution of cells?
What type of necrosis is characterized by the formation of pus due to enzyme dissolution of cells?
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Which type of calcification leads to calcium deposits in normal tissues due to hypercalcemia?
Which type of calcification leads to calcium deposits in normal tissues due to hypercalcemia?
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In which grade of neoplasm classification would you find 50% to 75% undifferentiated cells?
In which grade of neoplasm classification would you find 50% to 75% undifferentiated cells?
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What is the primary feature of dry gangrene?
What is the primary feature of dry gangrene?
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Which type of necrosis is characterized by a 'friable cheesy mass' and is commonly associated with tuberculosis?
Which type of necrosis is characterized by a 'friable cheesy mass' and is commonly associated with tuberculosis?
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Which type of tumor is referred to as having the suffix '-oma' and is typically benign?
Which type of tumor is referred to as having the suffix '-oma' and is typically benign?
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What does 'N3' indicate in the regional lymph node involvement classification?
What does 'N3' indicate in the regional lymph node involvement classification?
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Fat necrosis is primarily associated with which pathological process?
Fat necrosis is primarily associated with which pathological process?
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What does the 'M1' classification indicate in cancer staging?
What does the 'M1' classification indicate in cancer staging?
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Which type of necrosis involves the deposition of fibrin-like material in arterial walls?
Which type of necrosis involves the deposition of fibrin-like material in arterial walls?
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Which grading category includes tumors with at least 75% differentiated cells?
Which grading category includes tumors with at least 75% differentiated cells?
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What is the initial manifestation of almost all forms of cell injury?
What is the initial manifestation of almost all forms of cell injury?
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Which type of tumor can contain various tissues such as hair and teeth?
Which type of tumor can contain various tissues such as hair and teeth?
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What does the designation 'T2' in tumor staging mean?
What does the designation 'T2' in tumor staging mean?
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What is true about metastatic calcification?
What is true about metastatic calcification?
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Study Notes
General Pathology
- Pathology is the study of disease causes and associated changes in cells, tissues, and organs
- Rudolf Virchow is considered the "Father of Modern Pathology"
- Aulus Cornelius Celsus studied the four signs of inflammation.
- Etiology refers to the origin or cause of a disease
- Pathogenesis describes the development of disease.
Morphologic Changes
- Morphologic changes refer to structural alterations in cells or tissues that are characteristic of a disease or diagnostic of an etiologic process. These are physical changes.
Functional Derangements and Clinical Manifestations
- Functional changes are the result of genetic, biochemical and structural alterations. These lead to clinical manifestations (signs and symptoms) of a disease and its clinical course and outcome.
- Signs are observable changes; symptoms are subjective.
Tissue Changes
-
Retrogressive changes: Organs or tissue are smaller than normal.
- Aplasia: incomplete or defective development (often in paired organs like kidneys, gonads, and adrenals).
- Atresia: failure to form an opening.
- Agenesia: complete non-appearance of an organ
- Hypoplasia: failure of an organ to reach its mature size.
- Atrophy: partial or complete wasting away of a body part. This is the shrinkage in size of the cell.
- Physiologic atrophy: occurs naturally
- Pathologic atrophy: occurs due to disease or lack of use
- Endocrine atrophy: occurs due to lack of trophic hormones.
- Vascular atrophy: occurs due to interruption or diminished blood supply
- Starvation atrophy: lack of nutrition
- Disuse atrophy: lack of nutrition
Other Changes
-
Progressive changes: Organs or tissues are larger than normal.
- Hypertrophy: an increase in tissue size due to increased cell size (often due to increased workload or endocrine stimulus). Examples are hypertension (pathological hypertrophy), increased workload on the heart.
- Hyperplasia: an increase in tissue size due to increased cell number (like fitting dentures for ex.)
- Physiologic hyperplasia: occurs naturally.
- Pathologic hyperplasia: associated with disease.
Degenerative Changes
- Metaplasia: transformation of one adult cell type to another (reversible).
- Dysplasia: disordered growth (enlargement); abnormal cells (reversible). Example: Cervical Dysplasia.
- Anaplasia: transformation of adult cells into a more primitive type (irreversible); often used as a criterion for malignancy.
- Neoplasia: Continuous abnormal proliferation of cells without control. (Oncology - the study of neoplasms).
Inflammation
- Inflammation is the body's response to injury or invasion by an infectious agent.
- It involves a series of biochemical and cellular changes leading to phagocytosis. Inflammation can be acute or chronic. The cardinal signs of inflammation include rubor, tumor, calor, dolor, and function laesa.
Ulcers
- A defect on an organ or tissue surface caused by the sloughing (shedding) of necrotic tissue. commonly seen in the mucosa of various organs.
Tissue Repair/Healing
- Regeneration: The replacement of damaged tissues with the same type of tissue.
- Scar formation: The laying down of fibrous tissue
Cell Death
- Apoptosis: programmed cell death.
- Necrosis: pathologic cell death.
- Necrobiosis: physiological (normal) cell death.
- Pyknosis: reduction and condensation of the nucleus
- Karyorrhexis: fragmentation of the nucleus.
- Karyolysis: dissolution of the nucleus
- Autophagy: lysosomal digestion of a cell's own components; self-eating.
Other Important Changes
- Hypoxia: oxygen deficiency resulting from diminished arterial flow, venous drainage or defects in respiration
- Lipid deposition
- Protein deposition
- Pigment deposition.
- Deposition of Calcium (Dystrophic & Metastatic Calcification)
- Types of necrosis (coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, gangrenous, fat, fibrinoid)
- Cardinal signs of inflammation
Diseases
- Examples: Coagulative necrosis, Liquefactive necrosis, Caseous necrosis, Gangrenous necrosis, Fat necrosis, Fibrinoid necrosis, Cloudy swelling.
Tumor Grading and Classification
- Differentiated cells are mature cells (less malignant)
- Undifferentiated cells are younger cells (more malignant)
Death
- Somatic death: cessation of all functions in the human body.
- Clinical death: cessation of the heartbeat and respiration.
- Brain death: irreversible cessation of brain function. Primary signs of death include circulatory, respiratory, and central nervous system failure. Secondary signs of death include algor mortis, rigor mortis, and livor mortis.
Autopsy
- An autopsy is a post-mortem examination performed on a dead body. The purpose of an autopsy is to determine the cause of death and to document the extent or presence of any disease. Different methods for performing an autopsy.
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of general pathology, including the causes of diseases, morphological changes, and their clinical manifestations. Gain insights into the historical figures who shaped pathology and understand key concepts like etiology and pathogenesis.
