General Microbiology & Immunology Notes (Part I)

<p>Non-photosynthetic eukaryotes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lysis of the infected host cell (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Moulds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nucleus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They require organic compounds. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of chlorophyll (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacteria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Complex cellular organization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Light through photosynthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are included only in the kingdom Protista. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Algae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Slime moulds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ability to classify prokaryotes and eukaryotes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Codons on mRNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>rRNA is formed from a large precursor molecule that is enzymatically cleaved (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To initiate the transcription process (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exons contain coding information while introns are non-coding sequences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It contains the controlling elements for gene regulation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They require atmospheric oxygen for growth. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Superoxide dismutase (A), Catalase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They switch between fermentation and respiration as needed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low tension of oxygen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Iron (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Copper, zinc, and magnesium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They accumulate hydrogen peroxide and can die. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a component of certain amino acids. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are specialized for the formation of asexual spores. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deuteromycotina (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Basidium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Histoplasma capsulatum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of a plasmodium stage. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Arthrospores (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enables rapid reproduction in adverse conditions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sporangiospores (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synthesis of ATP through electron transport (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It requires chlorophyll to oxidize light-sensitive pigments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They act as electron carriers during oxidation and reduction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>38 moles of ATP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It entails the oxidation of organic molecules to generate energy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Some substances are oxidized while others are reduced. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It powers the synthesis of ATP molecules. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The initial classification of living organisms, before the discovery of microorganisms, categorized organisms into two kingdoms: Animal and Plant. This classification relied on structural and physiological characteristics such as energy source, presence of chlorophyll, reserve material, movement, cell wall, and growth mode.

A third kingdom, Protista, was proposed by Haeckel in 1866 to accommodate microorganisms. It included unicellular or coencytic, and multicellular organisms that lacked specialized cell types and tissues.

The discovery of microorganisms led to the need for a new kingdom to classify them, as they didn't fit neatly into the existing animal and plant kingdoms.

The introduction of the electron microscope allowed scientists to differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells based on their internal structure.

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and have simpler internal structures.

The classification of Kingdom Protista was revised after the discovery of prokaryotes. Protista now only encompasses eukaryotic organisms, while prokaryotes were placed in their own distinct groups.

Algae are chlorophyll-containing protists that can produce their own food through photosynthesis.

Protozoa are nonphotosynthetic, heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms that lack a cell wall. They are typically unicellular and obtain nutrition by consuming other organisms.

Cells derived from cancer tissue, capable of continuous division in culture.

A method of cultivating viruses in fertilized chicken eggs, often used for producing vaccines.

The process of a virus attaching to a host cell's surface.

A method of viral entry into a host cell where the cell's membrane engulfs the virus.

The process of a virus fusing its envelope with the host cell's membrane to enter.

The process of a virus removing its outer coat to release genetic material.

The replication process where viral genetic material is used to produce viral proteins and new viruses.

The final stage of viral replication where new viruses are assembled and released from the host cell.

Fungi that reproduce sexually by forming spores inside a sac-like structure called an ascus.

A club-shaped structure in Basidiomycetes where sexual spores (basidiospores) are formed.

Fungi that lack a known sexual reproduction process.

Asexual spores produced within a sac called a sporangium, formed at the tip of a specialized hypha called a sporangiophore.

Asexual spores formed on the ends or sides of hyphae or special structures called conidiophores.

Conidia that are formed by splitting a filament of a septated mycelium into individual cells.

Thick-walled, enlarged conidia formed inside hyphae.

Blastic spores that bud off from a parent cell and then separate.

These organisms require oxygen to grow and cannot survive without it.

These organisms cannot grow in the presence of oxygen and are harmed by it.

These organisms can grow with or without oxygen.

These organisms need a small amount of oxygen to grow, but too much is harmful.

An essential element for the synthesis of certain amino acids, like cysteine, and coenzymes.

Needed for the production of cytochromes, critical for energy production.

These minerals play vital roles in various enzymatic reactions within cells.

Crucial for the synthesis of nucleotides, nucleic acids, and lipids, essential for cell structure and function.

The process of ATP synthesis driven by the movement of electrons through a membrane-bound electron transport system (ETS). Energy released from electron transport is used to power ATP production.

ATP synthesis using electrons from chlorophyll, powered by solar energy. Similar to oxidative phosphorylation, but driven by light.

The oxidation of organic molecules (like carbohydrates) to release energy and generate ATP. This is a common metabolic pathway in many organisms.

A process where ATP is directly generated during the breakdown of organic molecules, without involving electron transport systems.

Molecules that gain electrons in a chemical reaction.

Molecules that lose electrons in a chemical reaction.

Electron carriers, like NAD and FAD, play a crucial role in transporting electrons during metabolic reactions. This is essential for generating ATP.

The energy released from the oxidation of glucose is stored in ATP, with approximately 38 ATP molecules generated per mole of glucose.

The process by which RNA polymerase reads DNA and creates a complementary RNA strand. It starts at a promoter site on the DNA and continues until it reaches a termination codon.

A type of RNA that forms part of the ribosome, the cellular machinery responsible for protein synthesis.

A type of RNA that carries specific amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis. Each tRNA has an anticodon that matches a specific codon on mRNA, ensuring the correct amino acid is incorporated into the growing protein chain.

The basic unit of inheritance in a living organism. It is a sequence of DNA that encodes a specific protein, tRNA, or rRNA. Genes have a defined start and end point and contain control elements that regulate their expression.