General Ethics Overview

Study Notes

Definition of Ethics

Ethics involves the critical examination of morality and how individuals should act and the reasons behind such actions.
Moral philosophy is the branch of philosophy focused on questions of right and wrong and what constitutes a good life.

Major Ethical Theories

Utilitarianism
- Based on the greatest happiness principle; actions are deemed right if they contribute to the greatest good for the greatest number.
- Notable proponents include Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill.
Deontology
- Emphasizes duty-based ethics; actions are morally right by adherence to rules, irrespective of the consequences.
- Immanuel Kant is a prominent figure in this theory.
Virtue Ethics
- Focuses on the moral character of the individual rather than specific actions, highlighting virtues such as courage, temperance, and wisdom.
- Aristotle is a key philosopher associated with virtue ethics.
Social Contract Theory
- Argues that morality and political obligations arise from agreements among individuals.
- Key figures include Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
Ethical Relativism
- Suggests that morality is culture-dependent; no absolute moral truths exist across different societies or individuals.
Ethical Egoism
- Advocates that individuals should prioritize acting in their own self-interest.

Ethical Principles

Autonomy
- Emphasizes respect for the decision-making capabilities of individuals.
Nonmaleficence
- The imperative to avoid causing harm intentionally to others.
Beneficence
- The duty to assist others and promote their welfare.
Justice
- Highlights fairness and equitable treatment of all individuals.
Fidelity
- The responsibility to keep promises and maintain trustworthiness.

Applied Ethics

Bioethics
- Concerns ethical issues in medical practices, research, and technological advancements.
Environmental Ethics
- Explores the moral relationship between humans and the natural environment.
Business Ethics
- Addresses ethical conduct in commerce and corporate responsibilities.
Professional Ethics
- Involves codes of conduct specific to particular professions.

Moral Dilemmas and Decision Making

Moral Dilemma
- Arises when an individual must choose between conflicting moral principles.
Decision-Making Models
- Consequentialism: Evaluates the outcomes of actions to determine morality.
- Deontological Reasoning: Focuses on following duties and obligations.
- Virtue-Based Approach: Prioritizes moral character and virtues in decision-making.

Critical Issues in Ethics

Human Rights
- Discusses the basic rights and freedoms entitled to all humans.
Justice and Equality
- Addresses disparities in treatment and the need for fairness.
Freedom vs. Determinism
- Examines the debate about whether human actions are freely chosen or determined by prior causes.
Moral Responsibility
- Covers accountability for actions, particularly regarding free will.

Contemporary Ethical Issues

Technology and Ethics
- Explores implications of artificial intelligence, data privacy, and cyber ethics in modern society.
Environmental Ethics
- Discusses contemporary challenges such as climate change, sustainability, and animal rights.
Medical Ethics
- Addresses ethical concerns arising from euthanasia, cloning, genetic engineering, and organ transplantation.

Description

This quiz provides an overview of key concepts in ethics, including the definition of ethics and major ethical theories like utilitarianism. Dive into moral philosophy and explore fundamental questions about morality and the good life. Perfect for students looking to consolidate their understanding of ethical principles.