General Chemistry Reviewer: Matter

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Questions and Answers

What is the smallest particle that can enter a chemical change?

Ion

Atom (correct)

Molecule

Compound

Which term describes a mixture that consists of only one phase?

Heterogeneous

Miscible

Immiscible

Homogeneous (correct)

In which of the following mixtures can you see two distinct physical traits?

Cereal in milk (correct)

Coffee

Vinegar

Wine

What is the correct definition of a 'phase' in a system?

The distinct and mechanically separable parts of a system Signup and view all the answers

Which method is used to separate a solid from a liquid?

Filtration Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a liquid's volume?

Definite Signup and view all the answers

Which particle is a charged particle resulting from an unequal number of protons and electrons?

Ion Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe liquids that do not mix with each other?

Immiscible Signup and view all the answers

Which model describes the atom as having a dense center called the nucleus?

Nuclear Model Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates tertiary compounds from other types of compounds?

They contain more than two elements. Signup and view all the answers

How does the naming of binary acids typically begin?

With the prefix hydro and the element name. Signup and view all the answers

What is true about isotopes?

They have the same atomic number. Signup and view all the answers

What represents the sum of the protons and neutrons in an atom?

Mass number Signup and view all the answers

In which case do you change the ending from -ate to -ite?

When reducing the number of oxygen atoms by one. Signup and view all the answers

What do electrons in the Quantum Model represent?

A cloud around the nucleus. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following elements is NOT classified as a nonmetal?

Iron (Fe) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly defines a pure substance?

A substance made of only one element or compound with a definite composition. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Law of Definite Proportion state?

A compound contains its elements in a fixed ratio by mass. Signup and view all the answers

According to Dalton's theory, which statement is true about atoms?

All atoms of a given element are identical in mass and size. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following compounds is an example of a binary ionic compound?

Sodium chloride (NaCl) Signup and view all the answers

Which law states that the total mass of the products equals the total mass of the reactants in a chemical reaction?

Law of Conservation of Mass Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of mixtures?

Contains two or more substances that retain their individual properties. Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which metals with multiple oxidation numbers are named?

The oxidation state is written in Roman numerals following the metal. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best differentiates a law from a theory in science?

A law is a statement derived from results and is universally accepted, while a theory is an explanation that may be disproven. Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step to determining the limiting reagent in a chemical reaction?

Balance the chemical equation Signup and view all the answers

During a single displacement reaction, which element is replaced?

The positive ion if the element is a metal Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of coefficients in a balanced chemical equation?

They represent the number of moles of substances involved. Signup and view all the answers

What is the molar volume of a gas at Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP)?

22.4 L/1 mol Signup and view all the answers

Which step is NOT a part of determining stoichiometric relationships?

Determine molecular geometry of reactants Signup and view all the answers

When converting grams to moles, which value is required?

Molar mass of the compound Signup and view all the answers

To find the amount of excess reagent after a reaction, which method should be used?

Subtract the mass of the product from the mass of the limiting reagent Signup and view all the answers

What does stoichiometry primarily study?

The amounts of reactants consumed and products formed Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct naming conversion for ternary acids derived from radicals?

Change -ate to -ic and -ite to -ous, then add acid Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about writing a molecular formula?

It requires the use of prefixes and subscripts Signup and view all the answers

How should you handle a decimal of .5 when calculating a formula mass?

Multiply by 2 to get a whole number Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a ternary acid from a binary acid?

It includes hydrogen and a radical with more than two elements Signup and view all the answers

Which formula is correct for calculating the number of moles from a molecular formula?

$N = \frac{mass_{molecular}}{formula_{mass}}$ Signup and view all the answers

What do you obtain from a chemical formula in terms of a compound's composition?

The molecular formula and percentage composition Signup and view all the answers

What is required to find the empirical formula mass before determining the molecular formula?

Sum the molar masses of the individual elements Signup and view all the answers

What type of compound do ternary acids classify as?

Ionic compounds containing hydrogen and radicals Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Matter

Anything with mass that occupies volume is defined as matter.
Composed of three basic particles: atoms (smallest unit), molecules (two or more atoms), and ions (charged particles).
Mixtures can be classified into homogeneous (one phase) and heterogeneous (two or more phases).

Properties of Phases

Solids: Definite shape and volume.
Liquids: Indefinite shape but definite volume.
Gases: Indefinite shape and volume.

Separation Methods

Filtration: Separates solid from liquid by passing through a filter, leaving solid on filter paper.

Classes of Matter

Pure Substances: Single element or compound with a definite composition, melting, and boiling points.
- Elements: One kind of atom.
- Compounds: Two or more kinds of atoms in a fixed ratio.

Laws of Chemical Change

Law of Conservation of Mass: Total mass of products equals total mass of reactants.
Law of Definite Proportion: A compound always contains its elements in a fixed mass ratio.
Law of Multiple Proportions: Masses of one element combining with a fixed mass of another are in small whole number ratios.

Chemical Formulas and Equations

Chemical Formula: Represents compounds.
Chemical Equation: Represents a chemical reaction.

Naming Compounds

Binary Compounds: Composed of two kinds of atoms (Ionic: metal + non-metal; Covalent: non-metals).
Tertiary Compounds: More than two elements containing radicals.
Acids:
- Binary: Hydrogen + non-metal (hydro + acid).
- Ternary: Hydrogen + radical (change -ate to -ic, and -ite to -ous, then add acid).

Historical Atom Models

Democritus: Proposed atoms as indivisible particles.
John Dalton: Concepts of atoms having unique properties and combining in defined ratios.
J.J. Thomson: Identified electrons in atoms; plum pudding model.
Ernest Rutherford: Discovered nucleus as dense positive core.
Niels Bohr: Electrons in precise orbits around the nucleus.
Erwin Schrodinger: Quantum model of electron 'cloud'.

Subatomic Particles

Protons: Positively charged, found in nucleus.
Neutrons: Neutral particles, also found in nucleus.
Electrons: Negatively charged, orbit nucleus.

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different mass numbers.

Stoichiometry

Study of reactants and products in chemical reactions, using mole ratios and atomic masses for calculations.

Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP)

At STP, one mole of gas occupies 22.4 liters.

Limiting and Excess Reagents

Limiting Reagent: Completely consumed in reaction, determines product amount.
Excess Reagent: Remains after reaction.
Identify by comparing moles of reactants against product yield.

These notes represent a concise yet thorough overview of fundamental concepts in general chemistry, providing a solid foundation for further study.

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Description

This quiz covers fundamental concepts in general chemistry regarding matter and its properties. It addresses the composition, phases, and characteristics of substances. Engage with questions that test your understanding of atoms, phases of matter, and the distinctions between homogeneous and heterogeneous substances.