Introduction to Matter and Its Properties

Definition of Matter

• Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.
• It is the physical substance that makes up all objects, including living things, rocks, and gases.

Properties of Matter

• Physical Properties:
  • Mass: a measure of the amount of matter in an object
  • Volume: the amount of space occupied by an object
  • Density: the ratio of mass to volume
• Chemical Properties:
  • Reactivity: the ability of a substance to undergo chemical reactions
  • Flammability: the ability of a substance to catch fire
  • Toxicity: the degree to which a substance can cause harm

States of Matter

• Solid:
  • Particles are closely packed and have a fixed shape
  • Examples: rocks, metals, and ice
• Liquid:
  • Particles are close together but can flow
  • Examples: water, oil, and juice
• Gas:
  • Particles are widely spaced and can expand freely
  • Examples: air, helium, and oxygen
• ** Plasma**:
  • A high-energy state where atoms are ionized
  • Examples: stars, lightning, and neon signs

Changes of State

• Melting: solid → liquid
• Freezing: liquid → solid
• Evaporation: liquid → gas
• Condensation: gas → liquid
• Sublimation: solid → gas (e.g., dry ice)
• Deposition: gas → solid (e.g., frost)

Mixtures and Pure Substances

• Mixture: a combination of two or more substances that can be separated by physical means
• Pure Substance: a substance that has a fixed composition and properties
  • Examples: water, gold, and sugar