General Chemistry 1 - Summative Test

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of nucleic acids?

  • To provide quick energy for cellular activities.
  • To serve as structural components in cells.
  • To form cell membranes and store energy.
  • To store and transmit genetic information. (correct)

Which macromolecule is made up of nucleotides?

  • Protein
  • Carbohydrate
  • Lipid
  • Nucleic acid (correct)

Which is termed as the blueprint of life?

  • Ribonucleic acid
  • Fatty acid
  • Deoxyribonucleic acid (correct)
  • Nucleic acid

What are the atoms that make up carbohydrates?

<p>C, H, and O (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the extent to which a polymer affects light as it passes through?

<p>Refractive index (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called in which monomers are chemically bonded to form a polymer?

<p>Polymerization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of bonds typically link monomers together in a polymer?

<p>Covalent bonds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common by-product of condensation polymerization?

<p>Water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reaction involves the combustion of an organic compound with oxygen?

<p>Combustion Reaction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reagent is required to convert fatty acids into soaps?

<p>NaOH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The molecular formula C3H6O can represent which type of isomerism?

<p>Functional isomerism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an isomer of ethanol (CH3CH2OH)?

<p>Dimethyl ether (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of functional group is present in the compound CH3COOCH3?

<p>Ester (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the polarity in a molecule?

<p>Unequal sharing of electrons in bonds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the correct Lewis structure for water (H2O), how many unshared pairs of electrons does oxygen have?

<p>2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In CO2, how many double bonds does carbon have?

<p>2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What number of electrons do atoms aim to attain in their outermost shell according to the Octet Rule?

<p>8 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element typically loses 1 electron to achieve an octet configuration?

<p>Potassium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of ion is formed when an atom gains electrons?

<p>Anion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many electrons can a p orbital hold?

<p>6 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Pauli Exclusion Principle?

<p>An atomic orbital can only hold a maximum of 2 electrons, each with opposite spins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition leads to paramagnetic character in an atom?

<p>The presence of unpaired electrons in the atomic orbitals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following electron configurations indicates that an atom is diamagnetic?

<p>1s^2^ 2s^2^ 2p^6^ 3s^2^ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Function of Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information.

Macromolecule of Nucleotides

Nucleic acids are made of nucleotides.

Blueprint of Life

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is often called the blueprint of life.

Carbohydrate Atoms

Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (C, H, O).

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Polymerization

The process where monomers are joined to form polymers.

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Polymer Bonds

Covalent bonds typically link monomers in a polymer.

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Condensation Polymerization Byproduct

A common byproduct of condensation polymerization is water.

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Substitution Reaction Example

A substitution reaction replaces an atom or group in a molecule.

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Combustion Reaction

A chemical reaction involving an organic compound reacting with oxygen (O2), releasing heat.

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Saponification Reaction

The reaction of fatty acids with a strong base (like NaOH) to form soap.

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Functional Isomerism

Isomers with different functional groups, even though they have the same atoms.

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Ester

An organic compound with a carboxyl group (-COO-) bonded to an alkyl or aryl group.

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Carboxylic Acid

An organic compound with a carboxyl group (-COOH).

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Polar Covalent Bond

A chemical bond in which electrons are unequally shared between atoms due to differences in electronegativity.

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Molecular Geometry

The three-dimensional arrangement of atoms within a molecule.

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Lewis Structure

A diagram that shows the bonding and arrangement of atoms in a molecule, including valence electrons.

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Octet Rule

Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve a stable configuration with 8 electrons in their outermost energy level.

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Electron Loss

When an atom loses an electron, it becomes positively charged, forming a cation.

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Identify the Cation

A cation is a positively charged ion formed by the loss of electrons.

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Anion vs. Cation

Anions are negatively charged ions, while cations are positively charged ions. Anions are formed from nonmetals, while cations are formed from metals.

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Period of Bromine

The period of an element indicates its energy level. Bromine is in period 4, meaning its outermost electrons are in the fourth energy level.

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Lewis Dot Structure: [Ne] 3s¹

The Lewis dot structure for an element with the electron configuration [Ne] 3s¹ shows one dot representing its valence electron.

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p Orbital Capacity

Each p orbital can hold a maximum of 2 electrons.

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Pauli Exclusion Principle

An atomic orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons, each with opposite spins.

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Study Notes

General Chemistry 1 - Summative Test

  • Nucleic Acids: Primarily store and transmit genetic information.
  • Macromolecules: Nucleic acids are made of nucleotides.
  • Blueprint of Life: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
  • Carbohydrates Composed of: Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Oxygen (O)
  • Plastic Properties:
    • Refractive Index: How much light is affected as it passes through the polymer.
    • Resilience: The ability of a polymer to endure stress without permanent deformation.
    • Tensile Strength: The maximum stress a material can withstand before breaking.
    • Elastic Modulus: Measures stiffness or rigidity.
    • Permeability: Ability to pass extraneous materials.
    • Crystallinity: Extent to which the polymer's structure is ordered.
  • Polymerization: Monomers chemically bond to form polymers
  • Polymer Bonds: Covalent bonds are typically used to link monomers.
  • Condensation Polymerization: Produces a by-product, often water
  • Substitution Reaction: An atom or group in a molecule is replaced by another.
  • Combustion Reaction: Organic compounds reacting with oxygen (O2), releasing heat.
  • Soaps: Formed by converting fatty acids with a specific reagent (NaOH or KOH).
  • Isomers: Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements.
  • Functional Groups: Specific groups of atoms within a molecule that determine its chemical properties.
  • Polarity: Driven by unequal sharing of electrons in chemical bonds and molecular geometry. Factors include bond dipoles and differences in electronegativity
  • Chemical Bonds:
    • Ionic Bonds: Formed by complete transferring of electrons between atoms.
    • Covalent Bonds: Formed by sharing electrons between atoms.
    • Polar Covalent Bonds: Unequal sharing of electrons leading to a dipole.
    • Nonpolar Covalent Bonds: Equal sharing of electrons.
    • Hydrogen Bonds: Weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom.
  • Lewis Structures: Use dots to represent bonding and valence electrons.
  • Octet Rule: Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons in order to achieve a stable electron configuration — 8 electrons in the outermost shell—with a few exceptions.
  • Ions:
    • Cations: Positively charged ions (lose electrons).
    • Anions: Negatively charged ions (gain electrons).
  • Electronegativity: A measure of an atom's tendency to attract electrons in a bond.
  • Molecular Geometry: The 3D arrangement of atoms in a molecule.
  • Diamagnetism: Absence of unpaired electrons
  • Paramagnetism: Presence of unpaired electrons
  • Electron Configurations: Describe how electrons are arranged in an atom.

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