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Questions and Answers
Which subatomic particle is located in the nucleus and has a positive charge?
Which subatomic particle is located in the nucleus and has a positive charge?
What type of chemical bond is formed when atoms share electrons?
What type of chemical bond is formed when atoms share electrons?
Which type of acid donates a proton (H+ ion)?
Which type of acid donates a proton (H+ ion)?
What determines the chemical properties of an element?
What determines the chemical properties of an element?
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In a coordinate covalent bond, what happens?
In a coordinate covalent bond, what happens?
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Which type of bond is formed between metals and nonmetals when electrons are transferred?
Which type of bond is formed between metals and nonmetals when electrons are transferred?
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Study Notes
General Chemistry 1 focuses on key concepts in atomic structure, chemical bonding, and classification of chemicals into categories such as acids and bases.
Atomic Structure
Atoms are composed of three main particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons, found in the nucleus, carry a positive charge (+1). Neutrons, also located in the nucleus, have no charge. Electrons, which orbit the nucleus, carry a negative charge (-1). The number of electrons determines the element's chemical properties. For example, carbon has six electrons and is therefore classified as a Group 14 element.
Chemical Bonding
Chemical bonding occurs when atoms share or exchange electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration. There are three main types of chemical bonds:
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Ionic bond: Formed between metals and nonmetals where one atom transfers an electron to another, creating a positively charged ion and a negatively charged ion.
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Covalent bond: Formed when atoms share electrons. The atoms must have similar electronegativities for a covalent bond to form.
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Coordinate covalent bond: Formed when one atom donates a pair of electrons to another atom.
Acids and Bases
Acids and bases are classified based on their ability to donate or accept protons (H+ ions). An acid is a substance that donates a proton, while a base is a substance that accepts a proton. Acids can be classified as Brønsted-Lowry acids, which donate a proton, and Lewis acids, which accept a pair of electrons.
The strength of an acid depends on factors such as the bond strength and the electronegativity of the hydrogen bonded to the acidic atom. Stronger bonds and higher electronegativity result in weaker acids. Acids can be further classified into groups such as acid anhydrides, organic acids, and binary compounds of hydrogen.
Bases can also be classified as conjugate bases, which are the anions left after a base loses a proton. Conjugate bases can accept protons from another conjugate acid to form a neutral species.
Neutralization reactions occur when an acid and base react together, producing a salt and water. Acids have pH values less than 7, while bases have pH values greater than 7.
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Description
Explore key concepts in atomic structure, chemical bonding, and the classification of chemicals into acids and bases. Learn about the composition of atoms, types of chemical bonds like ionic and covalent bonds, and the properties and classifications of acids and bases.
