General Biology Study Notes
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is not one of the four most common elements in living organisms?

  • Oxygen
  • Sodium (correct)
  • Hydrogen
  • Nitrogen
  • In some areas, fluoride is added during the municipal water treatment process in order to help:

  • prevent the growth of bacteria
  • prevent delayed brain maturation
  • reduce tooth decay (correct)
  • prevent goiter
  • Which trace element needed by humans is commonly added to table salt?

  • sodium
  • iodine (correct)
  • iron
  • chlorine
  • An uncharged atom of boron has an atomic number of 5 and an atomic mass of 11. How many neutrons does this atom have?

    <p>6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A radioactive isotope of carbon ______ and contains ______.

    <p>undergoes decay; more neutrons than protons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Radioactive isotopes:

    <p>can be used in conjunction with PET scans to diagnose diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nitrogen has an atomic number of 7. When full, the innermost electron shell of a nitrogen atom contains ______ electrons, and the outermost shell contains ______ electrons.

    <p>2, 8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Silicon is an element that is found directly underneath carbon in the periodic table and thus has similar properties to carbon, including electron orbitals. How many electrons are in the valence shell, which is the outer shell, of a silicon atom?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental difference between covalent and ionic bonding?

    <p>In a covalent bond, the partners share a pair of electrons; in an ionic bond, one partner accepts electrons from the other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A nitrogen atom has seven electrons. How many single covalent bonds can nitrogen form?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The atomic number of lithium is 3, while the atomic number of chlorine is 17. When LiCl forms from these two atoms:

    <p>lithium donates its single outer electron to chlorine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Medicines are often administered in pill form. In many cases, the active ingredient of the pill (the drug) is joined to another substance by ______. This forms a(n) ______, which is stable in the dry environment of a pill bottle but dissociates under the wet conditions of the digestive system to release the drug to the body.

    <p>ionic bonds, salt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hydrogen atoms of a water molecule are bonded to the oxygen atom by [blank] bonds, whereas neighboring water molecules are held together by [blank] bonds.

    <p>polar covalent; hydrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about chemical reactions is NOT true?

    <p>In some chemical reactions, matter is created.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a balanced equation?

    <p>H3PO4 + 3KOH → K3PO4 + 3H2O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The tendency of water molecules to stick together is referred to as:

    <p>cohesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do adhesion and cohesion help water move through plants?

    <p>Cohesion helps water molecules stick together, and adhesion helps water stick to the inside of plant tubes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do hydrogen bonds in water help moderate temperature?

    <p>They allow water to absorb and release heat slowly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is dependent on the ability of water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with other molecules besides water?

    <p>the universality of water as a solvent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about water is NOT true?

    <p>Ice is denser than liquid water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes water an excellent solvent for many substances?

    <p>Water can dissolve a wide range of substances because it is a polar molecule with partial positive and negative charges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    You've made a hot drink by dissolving a teaspoon of instant coffee and a teaspoon of sugar in a cup of hot water. Which statement is true?

    <p>The instant coffee and sugar are polar and the water is polar, so they mix well.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about pH is true?

    <p>An increase in hydrogen ion concentration means a decrease in pH scale units.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Some bases contribute ______ to an aqueous solution thus ______ the pH of the solution.

    <p>OH-, raising</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In ocean acidification, dissolving CO2 gas ____ the pH of the ocean.

    <p>lowers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How will ocean acidification affect coral reefs?

    <p>Coral reefs will grow slower because there are fewer carbonate ions available.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Propanol and isopropanol are isomers. This means that they have:

    <p>the same molecular formula but different chemical properties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the functional groups of organic compounds is NOT true?

    <p>All functional groups include a carbon atom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The [blank] functional group consists of a hydroxyl group and a carbonyl group.

    <p>carboxyl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    General Biology Study Notes

    • Chemical elements: Four most common in living organisms are hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sodium.

    • Fluoride addition: Fluoride is added to municipal water supplies to reduce tooth decay and prevent bacteria growth.

    • Trace element in table salt: Iodine is a trace element commonly added to table salt.

    • Boron atom neutrons: An uncharged boron atom with atomic number 5 and atomic mass 11 has 6 neutrons.

    • Radioactive carbon isotopes: Radioactive isotopes of carbon undergo decay and contain more neutrons than protons.

    • Radioactive isotopes uses: Radioactive isotopes can be used in conjunction with PET scans to diagnose diseases but are not typically added to food as nutritional supplements.

    • Nitrogen electron shells: A nitrogen atom with atomic number 7 has an innermost electron shell that holds 2 electrons, and an outermost shell holding 5 electrons when full.

    • Silicon valence electrons: A silicon atom has 4 valence electrons in its outer shell.

    • Covalent vs ionic bonding: Covalent bonds form when partners share electron pairs, while ionic bonds form when one partner accepts electrons from the other.

    • Nitrogen covalent bonds: A nitrogen atom can form three single covalent bonds.

    • Lithium and chlorine bonding: Lithium donates its single outer electron to chlorine when LiCl forms.

    • Medicine pill bonding: The active ingredient of a pill is often bonded to another stable substance via covalent bonds, forming a salt.

    • Water molecule bonding: Hydrogen atoms in a water molecule are bonded to the oxygen atom with polar covalent bonds. Neighboring water molecules are held together by hydrogen bonds.

    • Water molecules cohesion and adhesion: Cohesion is the tendency of water molecules to stick together; adhesion is the tendency of water to stick to other surfaces. Both are important in plant water transport.

    • Chemical reactions & atoms: Chemical reactions involve the rearrangement of atoms, with the same number of each element on both sides of the equation.

    • Balanced equation: H3PO4 + 3KOH → K3PO4 + 3H2O is a balanced chemical equation.

    • Water properties: Water's polarity allows it to dissolve various substances, including many important biological molecules.

    • Hydrogen bonds & water temperature moderation: Hydrogen bonds allow water to absorb and release heat slowly, moderating temperature changes.

    • Water as a solvent: Water's polarity enables it to dissolve many substances, making it a versatile solvent.

    • Polar and nonpolar substances: Polar substances dissolve in water, while nonpolar substances do not.

    • pH scale: The pH scale measures the hydrogen ion concentration, and an increase in hydrogen ion concentration leads to a decrease in pH (more acidic).

    • Aqueous solutions: Bases release hydroxide ions (OH-) into an aqueous solution, increasing the pH (decreasing acidity).

    • Ocean acidification: Dissolving CO2 in the ocean lowers the pH.

    • Coral reefs and acidification: Coral reefs grow slower due to lower carbonate ion availability with increasing ocean acidity.

    • Isomers: Isomers have the same molecular formula but different chemical properties.

    • Functional groups: Functional groups, which contain carbon atoms, make organic compounds hydrophilic and participate in chemical reactions.

    • Octe and covalent bonds: Octane's covalent bonds are formed by carbon and hydrogen with similar electronegativities, making them nonpolar.

    • Hydrolysis & dehydration: Hydrolysis breaks down polymers into monomers using water, while dehydration forms monomers into polymers by releasing water.

    • Monosaccharides: Monosaccharides have a molecular formula that represents multiples of CH2O.

    • Glucose: Glucose is a monosaccharide, a primary source of energy for cells.

    • Polysaccharides Structure Chitin is a structural polysaccharide found in exoskeletons and cell walls of fungi, while Glycogen is a storage polysaccharide found in animal tissues.

    • Cell structure: Mitochondria and chloroplasts are involved in energy transformations; however, only chloroplasts are responsible for photosynthesis and are not found in animals.

    • Microtubules and Microfilaments: Microtubules, which are composed of tubulin, are thicker and are a part of the protective structure of cells; microfilaments are made of actin and play a role in cell shape and movement.

    • Mitochondria and DNA: Mitochondria contain their own DNA.

    • Sperm motility and dynein: Sperm motility depends on dynein, which is a protein essential for flagellar movement.

    • Cell junctions: Tight junctions prevent fluid leakage between cells in the intestinal linings.

    • Plant cell walls: Plant cells have a cell wall, made primarily of cellulose, providing support for the structure.

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    Description

    Explore essential concepts in biology with this quiz based on key chemical elements and their significance in living organisms. Dive into the roles of trace elements like iodine and the applications of radioactive isotopes. Test your knowledge on atomic structures, electron shells, and the importance of fluoride in dental health.

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