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What is the ONLY type of microscope that can examine living cells and tissues?
What is the ONLY type of microscope that can examine living cells and tissues?
The image viewed through a compound light microscope is upright.
The image viewed through a compound light microscope is upright.
False
What are the two main types of electron microscopes?
What are the two main types of electron microscopes?
The building blocks of carbohydrates are small molecules called ______.
The building blocks of carbohydrates are small molecules called ______.
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What are the three main types of polysaccharides?
What are the three main types of polysaccharides?
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Which of the following tests can detect the presence of starch?
Which of the following tests can detect the presence of starch?
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What type of bond links amino acids together to form proteins?
What type of bond links amino acids together to form proteins?
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What is the main function of lipids in living organisms?
What is the main function of lipids in living organisms?
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What are the three major classes of lipids?
What are the three major classes of lipids?
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Saturated fatty acids have at least one double bond.
Saturated fatty acids have at least one double bond.
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What is the main function of phospholipids in cells?
What is the main function of phospholipids in cells?
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What type of lipid is cholesterol and what is its primary function?
What type of lipid is cholesterol and what is its primary function?
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What is the purpose of detergent in DNA extraction?
What is the purpose of detergent in DNA extraction?
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What is the role of salt in DNA extraction?
What is the role of salt in DNA extraction?
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DNA is soluble in alcohol.
DNA is soluble in alcohol.
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What is the primary function of the plasma membrane in a cell?
What is the primary function of the plasma membrane in a cell?
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Aquaporins are transmembrane proteins that facilitate the movement of water.
Aquaporins are transmembrane proteins that facilitate the movement of water.
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What is diffusion?
What is diffusion?
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What are the two main factors that affect the rate of diffusion?
What are the two main factors that affect the rate of diffusion?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of osmotic solution?
Which of the following is NOT a type of osmotic solution?
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Cell walls of plant cells are composed of cellulose.
Cell walls of plant cells are composed of cellulose.
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When a plant cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, it becomes ______.
When a plant cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, it becomes ______.
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What is plasmolysis?
What is plasmolysis?
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Animal cells have cell walls.
Animal cells have cell walls.
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Which of the following processes is NOT a stage in mitosis?
Which of the following processes is NOT a stage in mitosis?
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What is the name of the stage where chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell during mitosis?
What is the name of the stage where chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell during mitosis?
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What is cytokinesis?
What is cytokinesis?
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What is meiosis?
What is meiosis?
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Crossing over occurs during prophase II of meiosis.
Crossing over occurs during prophase II of meiosis.
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Match the following terms related to genetics with their definitions:
Match the following terms related to genetics with their definitions:
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In the ABO blood group system, what are the three alleles?
In the ABO blood group system, what are the three alleles?
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What are the four types of animal tissues?
What are the four types of animal tissues?
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What are the three types of muscle tissue?
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
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Nervous tissue is composed of specialized cells called neurons.
Nervous tissue is composed of specialized cells called neurons.
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Study Notes
General Biology Lab Manual
- Prepared by Dr. Mais Krishan
- For the University of Petra
- Academic year 2024-2025
- Course code 503171
Lab 1: Introduction to Laboratory Safety Rules
- Laboratory safety is a process to prevent injuries and diseases
- Wear laboratory coats
- Know the location of fire extinguishers and first aid kits
- Never taste or smell chemicals
- Flood the area with water if chemicals touch skin
- Discard solids in waste jars, only water-soluble waste in sink
- Always read labels and clean up work areas
- Ensure all equipment is turned off
- Report all accidents to the instructor
Lab 2: The Microscope
- A microscope is an instrument used to view small specimens
- Specimen size: 0.01 mm to 0.1 mm
- Microscopy involves magnification, resolution, and contrast
- Magnification is the enlargement of an object (e.g., 10X)
- Resolution is the ability to distinguish two points as separate
- Contrast increases the differences between light and dark parts
- The light microscope has different objectives for different magnification levels (scanning, low power, high power, oil immersion) with usually 10x ocular lens
- Field of view (FOV) is inversely related to magnification level
- Low magnification will result in a bigger FOV
Lab 2: The Microscope - Types of Microscopes
- Types of microscopes include light, electron, and research microscopes
- Light microscopes use visible light and magnify up to 1000 times
- Dissecting/stereoscopic microscopes magnify 10x to 50x and give a 3-D view
- Compound microscopes have two or more lens for magnification
- Parts of a compound microscope: ocular lens, nosepiece, objectives, stage clip, diaphragm, condenser, illuminator, arm, coarse adjustment knob, fine adjustment knob, stage controls, base, brightness adjustment, light switch
Lab 2: The Microscope - Parts
- Parts of a compound microscope include ocular lens(eyepiece), nosepiece (rotating turret), objective lenses (scanning, low power, high power, oil immersion), stage clips, diaphragm, condenser, illuminator, arm (carrying handle), mechanical stage, coarse adjustment, fine adjustment, stage controls, base, brightness adjustment and light switch
Lab 3: The Cell
- Robert Hooke was the first scientist to describe cells
- Cells are the basic functional and structural units of life
- Two main types of cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic
- Different cell structures perform different functions in cells
Lab 3: The Cell - Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic cells
- Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (bacteria)
- Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (animals, plants, fungi, protists)
- Prokaryotes have a cell wall, capsule, plasmids, pili, flagella
- Eukaryotes have a nucleus, mitochondria, vacuoles, chloroplasts, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum
Lab 3: The Cell - Prokaryotic cells
- These cells are the simplest and most primitive
- Prokaryotic cells include bacteria and archaea
- They have a cell wall, capsule, cell membrane
Lab 3: The Cell - Eukaryotic cells
- These cells are complex and evolved
- Eukaryotic cells include animals, plants, fungi, protists
Lab 4: Biological Macromolecules I
- All organisms are composed of macromolecules
- Four main classes of macromolecules: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
- Monomers combine via dehydration reactions to form polymers
- Polymers break down into monomers via hydrolysis reactions
Lab 4: Biological Macromolecules I - Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates (CHO) provide energy and structure to living things
- Simple carbohydrates include monosaccharides (e.g., glucose, fructose) and disaccharides (e.g., sucrose, lactose)
- Complex carbohydrates include polysaccharides (e.g., starch, glycogen, cellulose)
- Testing for carbohydrates: Benedict’s test (reducing sugars) and Lugol’s test (starch)
Lab 4: Biological Macromolecules I - Proteins
- Proteins are made of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
- Testing for proteins: biuret test
Lab 4: Biological Macromolecules I: Testing
- Benedict's test is used to identify reducing sugars
- Lugol's test is used to identify starch
- Biuret test is used to detect proteins
Lab 4: Biological Macromolecules II: Lipids
- Lipids include fats, oils, and waxes
- Lipids are hydrophobic molecules
- Major types include triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids
- Testing for lipids: Sudan IV test and grease spot test
Lab 5: Biological Macromolecules II
- Lipids are the class of macromolecules that mostly serve as long-term energy storage.
- Lipids are hydrophobic (insoluble in water) because they consist mostly of hydrocarbons.
- Three major classes of lipids are triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids.
Lab 6: Physical Properties of the Cell
- The plasma membrane separates the inside of a cells from its external environment
- The membrane is primarily made up of a phospholipid bilayer
- Phospholipid molecules have a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails.
- Small, uncharged molecules diffuse freely though the bilayer(membrane).
- Polar molecules and ions cannot diffuse freely, and require proteins to cross the membrane.
- Osmosis is a special case of diffusion, where water moves freely across a membrane until equilibrium is reached.
- Some molecules and ions move through channels, while other move via active transport.
Lab 7: Cell Division
- Cell division is the process where a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells.
- Prokaryotes undergo binary fission, a cell division process that creates two genetically identical daughter cells.
- Eukaryotic cells undergo mitosis (a series of five phases), making two identical copies
- Meiosis is a double-division process, resulting in four genetically different daughter cells, used for reproduction in eukaryotic cells
Lab 8: Genetics and Blood Grouping
- Genetics is about how traits are passed from one generation to the next.
- Genes are located on chromosomes
- Alleles are different forms of the same gene.
- In heterozygotes, one allele is dominant and expressed and the other allele is recessive but still exists.
- ABO blood group examples of multiple alleles
- Individuals can have specific genotypes, which result in their phenotypes.
- Procedures are given for determining blood type
Lab 9: Animal Tissues
- Tissue is a group of cells with similar structures and functions.
- There are four main types of animal tissues: epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous
- Epithelial tissue covers surfaces
- Connective tissue supports and connects different body parts
- Muscular tissue is for movement
- Nervous tissue is for communication
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Description
This quiz covers essential topics from the General Biology Lab Manual, focusing on laboratory safety rules and the use of microscopes. Participants will learn about the importance of safety protocols and how to effectively use a microscope for scientific observation. Ideal for students enrolled in Dr. Mais Krishan's course at the University of Petra.
