General Biology 1: Peroxisomes and Vacuoles

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

Synthesis of lipids (correct)

Digestion of cellular waste

Transport of genetic material

Synthesis of proteins

Which organism is known for producing tumors in plants?

Chlamydia

Agrobacterium (correct)

Escherichia coli

Rhizobium

What is the role of transport vesicles in the cell?

Synthesize lipids

Sort and package genetic material

Digest cellular material

Transport proteins and lipids (correct)

Which structure is responsible for sorting and packaging proteins and lipids?

Golgi apparatus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of lysosomes within a cell?

Digestive functions for cellular components Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of peroxisomes in a cell?

Fatty acid metabolism and detoxification of hydrogen peroxide Signup and view all the answers

What type of vacuole is responsible for expelling excess water from freshwater protists?

Contractile vacuole Signup and view all the answers

Which process occurs in the cytoplasm of a cell during ATP production?

Glycolysis Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant discovery made by Robert Hooke in 1665?

The concept of the cell Signup and view all the answers

Which scientist is known for discovering the nucleus of the cell?

Robert Brown Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?

Synthesis of ATP Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of cristae in mitochondria?

Increased surface area for chemical reactions Signup and view all the answers

What did Anton Van Leeuwenhoek contribute to the field of biology?

Improved magnification of microscopes and discovered animalcules Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of dendrites in neurons?

To receive signals and bring electrical signals to the cell body Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in a neuron is responsible for conducting action potentials?

Axons Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during cell specialization after cell division?

Newly formed cells undergo structural modifications for specific functions Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the cell body of a neuron is correct?

It contains the nucleus and connects to both dendrites and axons. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of neuroglia in relation to neurons?

To provide support and protection for neurons. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of chloroplasts?

Photosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

Who is credited with discovering that all animals are made up of cells?

Theodor Schwann Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the cytoskeleton is the thickest?

Microtubules Signup and view all the answers

What does the Modern Cell Theory state regarding hereditary information?

Hereditary information is passed from cell to cell. Signup and view all the answers

What role do cilia and flagella play in cellular function?

They facilitate movement of whole cells or materials across the cell surface. Signup and view all the answers

What main component primarily provides mechanical strength to the plant body?

Lignified walls of tracheids and vessels Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of xylem in plants?

Conducting water and minerals salts upward Signup and view all the answers

Which specialized plant cells regulate the transpiration of water vapor?

Guard cells Signup and view all the answers

What type of junctions are desmosomes and hemi-desmosomes classified as?

Anchoring junctions Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes red blood cells?

They are specialized to transport oxygen. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cells are specialized to produce proteins?

Pancreatic cells Signup and view all the answers

In plants, what are the two types of cells that make up phloem?

Sieve tubes and companion cells Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature is common among skeletal muscle cells?

They have fibers arranged in a tight, regular pattern. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Structure and Function

Cells are the fundamental units of life, capable of responding to stimuli, reproduction, metabolism, and adaptation.
Peroxisomes metabolize fatty acids and detoxify hydrogen peroxide.
Vacuoles, larger than vesicles, include food vacuoles for nutrient intake and contractile vacuoles to expel excess water in freshwater protists.
Mitochondria are responsible for ATP synthesis through glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport system; their cristae provide increased surface area for reactions.
Chloroplasts are sites of photosynthesis, with stroma as the fluid component and chlorophyll located within the granum.
The cytoskeleton provides cell shape, internal organization, and movement, comprising microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.

Historical Contributions to Cell Biology

1595: Hans and Zaccharias Janssen developed the first compound microscope using two convex lenses.
1665: Robert Hooke introduced the term "cell" after observing cork.
1674-1683: Anton Van Leeuwenhoek enhanced microscope magnification and discovered microorganisms.
1833: Robert Brown identified the nucleus within cells.
1838-1839: Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann established that both plants and animals are composed of cells.
1855: Rudolf Virchow proposed that cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Unified and Modern Cell Theories

Unified Cell Theory highlights that all living organisms consist of one or more cells, the cell is the smallest unit of life, and all cells originate from existing cells.
Modern Cell Theory incorporates the concepts that DNA is hereditary information, all cells share a basic chemical composition, and energy flows occur within cells.

Organelles and Their Functions

Transport vesicles move proteins and lipids from the ER to the Golgi apparatus and from the Golgi to their final destinations.
The Golgi apparatus sorts, tags, and packages proteins and lipids in vesicles.
Lysosomes contain enzymes for cellular digestion; they are membrane-bound structures.

Nervous Tissue

Specialized for conducting electrical signals through action potentials.
Neurons have dendrites (receive signals) and axons (transmit signals), forming a communication network through an electrochemical process.
The neuronal cell body controls cellular functions and connects to both dendrites and axons.

Plant and Animal Tissue Specializations

Complex permanent plant tissue includes xylem (water transport) and phloem (food transport).
Xylem consists of tracheids and vessel elements that are lignified for structural support.
Phloem is composed of sieve tubes and companion cells for nutrient distribution.
Specialized animal cells include red blood cells for oxygen transport and pancreatic cells for protein synthesis, equipped with extensive Golgi apparatus and storage vacuoles.
Skeletal muscle cells are structured for movement, featuring tightly packed fibers.

Cell Modifications

Cell specialization involves structural adaptations post-division to fulfill specific functions.
Pseudopods are temporary extensions in amoebas for movement and feeding.
Desmosomes and hemidesmosomes serve as anchoring junctions for cell stability, composed of proteins like keratin and integrins.

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Description

This quiz focuses on key cell structures in General Biology 1, specifically peroxisomes and vacuoles. You'll explore their functions, such as fatty acid metabolism and detoxification of hydrogen peroxide. Test your knowledge on these essential components of cellular biology.