General Biology 1 Module 1 & 2 Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of rubisco in carbon fixation?

  • To regenerate G3P from ADP
  • To transfer electrons to NADP+
  • To convert ATP to ADP
  • To catalyze the combination of RuBP and CO2 (correct)

Which statements correctly describe the regeneration phase in the Calvin Cycle?

  • It requires ATP. (correct)
  • More G3P molecules are needed than CO2 molecules entering.
  • ADP and NADP+ are produced.
  • Glucose is created directly from RuBP.

What is the function of NADPH in the Calvin Cycle?

  • To provide ATP for the cycle
  • To donate electrons during the reduction phase (correct)
  • To absorb carbon dioxide
  • To catalyze reactions involving RuBP

How many CO2 molecules must enter the Calvin Cycle for one G3P molecule to exit?

<p>3 CO2 molecules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding energy yield in aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

<p>Anaerobic respiration produces ethanol and carbon dioxide. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the simplest organic compound mentioned in the content?

<p>Methane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which carbohydrate type is formed by linking two monosaccharides together?

<p>Disaccharide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process breaks down ATP to release energy?

<p>Hydrolysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the energy currency of cells as mentioned?

<p>ATP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecular structure is part of ATP?

<p>One ribose sugar and three phosphate groups (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the ATP-ADP cycle?

<p>Energy is stored when ADP is converted to ATP (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sugar is an example of a monosaccharide?

<p>Galactose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced when ATP is hydrolyzed?

<p>ADP and inorganic phosphate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process involves the splitting of glucose into pyruvates?

<p>Glycolysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for attaching CO2 to PEP in C4 photosynthesis?

<p>PEP carboxylase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process converts wine into vinegar?

<p>Bacterial fermentation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of cellular respiration is ATP primarily synthesized?

<p>Oxidative Phosphorylation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis?

<p>To convert light energy into chemical energy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bacteria is responsible for producing sour cream and kimchi?

<p>Lactobacillus bulgaricus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What disadvantage is associated with glucose metabolism in humans?

<p>High production of lactic acid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced from the conversion of 12 G3P during the synthesis of glucose?

<p>1 molecule of Glucose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many ATP molecules are produced through the process of aerobic respiration?

<p>30-32 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In CAM plants, when is carbon fixation primarily performed?

<p>At night (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes photorespiration?

<p>When rubisco grabs oxygen instead of CO2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the last electron acceptor in the electron transport chain (ETC)?

<p>Oxygen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a part of cellular respiration?

<p>Light Dependent Reactions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process primarily occurs when energy from H+ diffusion is used to produce ATP?

<p>Chemiosmosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a byproduct of the accumulation of lactate in human muscle cells?

<p>Muscle fatigue and burning sensation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What bacteria is known for producing nail polish remover?

<p>Clostridium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component does not belong to the structure of nucleotides?

<p>Amino acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of RNA is responsible for binding mRNA in the ribosome?

<p>rRNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly identifies the primary structure of proteins?

<p>Sequence of amino acids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is a product of the Calvin Cycle?

<p>G3P (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

<p>Exciting electrons upon photon absorption (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes ATP synthesis during chemiosmosis?

<p>Ions flow into the stroma, driving ATP synthase action. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of tRNA?

<p>To transfer specific amino acids during protein synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the tertiary structure of proteins?

<p>The overall three-dimensional shape of a protein (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes polysaccharides?

<p>Consist of hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of triglycerides?

<p>Are formed from three fatty acids attached to glycerol. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fat has all single bonds between carbon atoms?

<p>Saturated fats. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lipid type is known for forming a bilayer in cell membranes?

<p>Phospholipids. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process occurs first when sunlight strikes the thylakoids in chloroplasts?

<p>Light energy excites chlorophyll pigments. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes HDL cholesterol from LDL cholesterol?

<p>HDL cholesterol absorbs cholesterol and transports it back to the liver. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function does chitin serve in certain organisms?

<p>Exoskeleton structure in insects and spiders. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly identifies a characteristic of unsaturated fats?

<p>Liquid at room temperature and contains one or more double bonds. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Monosaccharide

The simplest type of sugar, usually containing 5 or 6 carbon atoms.

Disaccharide

A carbohydrate formed by linking two monosaccharides together through dehydration synthesis.

Dehydration Synthesis

A chemical reaction that links molecules together by removing water.

Hydrolysis

The process of breaking down a molecule by adding water.

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ATP

Adenosine Triphosphate, the main energy carrier in cells.

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ATP-ADP cycle

The continuous cycle of ATP being hydrolyzed to ADP and then regenerated back to ATP.

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Hydrolysis of ATP

The breakdown of ATP into ADP and inorganic phosphate, releasing energy.

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Types of Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and others.

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Cellulose

A polysaccharide found in plant cell walls, providing structural support.

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Starch

A polysaccharide used for storing energy in plants.

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Glycogen

A polysaccharide used for storing energy in animals.

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Chitin

A polysaccharide that forms the exoskeletons of insects, spiders, and some fungi.

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Triglyceride

A type of lipid formed by three fatty acids bonded to glycerol. It is a primary energy storage molecule.

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Saturated Fats

Fats with single bonds between all carbon atoms, resulting in a solid consistency at room temperature. Primarily found in animal sources.

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Unsaturated Fats

Fats with double bonds between carbon atoms, resulting in a liquid consistency at room temperature. Primarily found in plants.

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Nucleotides

Building blocks of nucleic acids, composed of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

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mRNA

Messenger RNA, carries the genetic code from DNA to ribosomes to make proteins.

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tRNA

Transfer RNA, carries amino acids to ribosomes for protein synthesis.

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rRNA

Ribosomal RNA, a structural component of ribosomes, the protein-making machinery of the cell.

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Primary Structure

The linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

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Secondary Structure

Local folded structures within a polypeptide chain, like alpha-helices and beta-sheets.

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What is the Calvin Cycle?

The Calvin cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that take place in the stroma of chloroplasts during photosynthesis. It uses the chemical energy stored in ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions to convert carbon dioxide into sugar.

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What is Carbon Fixation?

Carbon fixation is the first stage of the Calvin cycle, where carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is incorporated into an organic molecule, RuBP, using the enzyme rubisco.

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What is Reduction in the Calvin Cycle?

Reduction is the second stage of the Calvin cycle, where energy from ATP and NADPH is used to convert the 3-carbon compound PGA into G3P. NADPH donates electrons to reduce PGA.

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What is Regeneration in the Calvin Cycle?

Regeneration is the final stage of the Calvin cycle, where some G3P molecules are used to create glucose, while others are recycled to regenerate RuBP. This process requires ATP.

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What is the role of ATP and NADPH in the Calvin Cycle?

ATP provides the energy needed for the reactions, while NADPH provides the reducing power (electrons) needed for the conversion of PGA to G3P.

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C4 Photosynthesis

A specialized photosynthetic pathway that minimizes photorespiration by initially fixing CO2 into a four-carbon compound before entering the Calvin cycle.

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PEP Carboxylase

The enzyme responsible for capturing CO2 and attaching it to PEP in C4 photosynthesis.

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Bundle Sheath Cells

Specialized cells in C4 plants that are surrounded by mesophyll cells and contain Rubisco, where the Calvin cycle occurs.

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CAM Photosynthesis

A photosynthetic adaptation where CO2 is fixed at night and stored as OAA, and then used during the day for the Calvin cycle.

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Photorespiration

A process that occurs when Rubisco binds oxygen instead of CO2, wasting energy and reducing photosynthesis.

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Glycolysis

The first stage of cellular respiration, where glucose is broken down into pyruvate, generating a small amount of ATP.

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Pyruvate Oxidation

The conversion of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA, which enters the Citric Acid Cycle.

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Citric Acid Cycle

A series of reactions that oxidize acetyl-CoA, producing electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) and some ATP.

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Fermentation

A metabolic process that converts sugar into acids, gases, or alcohol in the absence of oxygen.

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Lactic Acid Fermentation

A type of fermentation that produces lactic acid as a byproduct, often used in yogurt and cheese production.

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Alcoholic Fermentation

A type of fermentation that produces ethanol (alcohol) and carbon dioxide as byproducts, used in wine and beer production.

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Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

A series of protein complexes embedded in the mitochondrial membrane that transfer electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen, releasing energy.

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Chemiosmosis

The process of ATP production driven by the movement of protons across the mitochondrial membrane.

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ATP Synthase

A protein complex that uses the flow of protons to create ATP. It's the 'powerhouse' of the cell.

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How many ATP molecules are produced via cellular respiration?

Cellular respiration produces a total of 30-32 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.

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Why does lactic acid fermentation lead to muscle fatigue?

Lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid, which builds up in muscles and causes pain and fatigue.

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Study Notes

General Biology 1 (2nd Quarter)

  • Module 1: Carbohydrates

    • Organic molecules are hydrocarbons, containing carbon and hydrogen.
    • Methane (CH4) is the simplest organic compound.
    • Inorganic molecules lack carbon-hydrogen bonds.
    • Carbohydrates provide energy and perform functions like shaping cells, producing antibiotics, and forming part of DNA.
    • Carbohydrate structure follows the ratio of 1:2:1 (Carbon:Hydrogen:Oxygen).
    • Monosaccharides are simple sugars (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose).
    • Disaccharides are formed by joining two monosaccharides through dehydration synthesis (removing water). Examples include sucrose, lactose, and maltose.
    • Polysaccharides consist of many monosaccharides (e.g., cellulose, starch, glycogen, chitin).

  • Module 2: Lipids

    • Lipids are non-polar molecules that dissolve in non-polar solvents but not water.
    • Lipids store more energy than carbohydrates (9 food calories/37 kJ per gram).
    • They provide cushion for vital organs and insulation.
    • Triglycerides consist of fatty acids and glycerol.
    • Saturated fats have single bonds between carbons, are solid at room temperature and found in animal products like butter.
    • Unsaturated fats have double bonds between carbons, are liquid at room temperature and found in plants.
    • Phospholipids have two fatty acid tails and one phosphate group, forming cell membranes.
    • Steroids have four interconnected carbon rings (e.g., cholesterol, which is both "good" and "bad").

  • Module 3: Nucleic Acids

    • Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides.
    • Nucleotides consist of a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
    • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) stores genetic information (Adenine-Thymine, Cytosine-Guanine base pairings).
    • RNA (ribonucleic acid) is involved in protein synthesis, gene regulation, and carrying genetic information in some viruses. (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA).

  • Module 4: Proteins

    • Proteins are complex molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
    • Their functions include repair and building tissues, acting as enzymes, aiding in immune responses, and serving as hormones.
    • Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.
    • Polypeptides are long chains of amino acids.
    • Proteins have four structural levels: primary (sequence), secondary (local folding), tertiary (3D structure), and quaternary (multiple polypeptide subunits).

  • Module 5: Coupled Reaction Process (ATP-ADP Cycle)

    • ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the main energy currency of cells.
    • ATP hydrolysis (breakdown) releases energy. ATP + H₂O → ADP + Pi + energy
    • The ATP-ADP cycle is reversible, crucial in various cellular processes.

  • Module 6: The Chloroplast

    • Chloroplasts are organelles for food synthesis.
    • They absorb light energy, appearing green due to chlorophyll.
    • Chloroplast structure includes outer and inner membranes, stroma (matrix), thylakoids (arranged in grana), and thylakoid lumen.

  • Module 7: Importance of Chlorophyll and Other Pigments

    • Chlorophyll molecules have a central magnesium atom.
    • Chlorophyll absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.
    • Light and photosynthetic pumps are involved in electron excitation (bumping electrons to higher energy) via light absorption. Excitation occurs when a photon hits a pigment.

  • Module 8: The Calvin Cycle (Light Independent Reaction)

    • The Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH from light-dependent reactions to fix carbon dioxide into sugar (like glucose).
    • Rubisco is the enzyme for carbon fixation in the Calvin cycle. Input is CO2, RuBP, and the output is 3-PGA.
    • The cycle involves 3 stages: carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration.

  • Module 9: CAM and C4 Photosynthesis

    • Special adaptations for Carbon Fixation and photosynthesis in drier environments or high light conditions.
    • CAM plants fix CO2 at night and store it for use during the day.
    • C4 plants separate the initial carbon dioxide fixation in a different place than the Calvin Cycle, to minimize photorespiration.

  • Module 10: Light Reaction of Photosynthesis

    • Light-dependent reactions occur in thylakoid membranes.
    • Photosystems (light-absorbing molecules) harvest light energy.
    • Water splitting is a crucial process (generating O₂ as a byproduct).
    • Light absorption by PSII, then PSI (photosystems II and I) transfer electrons and create ATP and NADPH.

  • Module 12: Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration

    • Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to break down glucose, releasing energy (36-38 ATP).
      • The three stages include glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain.
    • Anaerobic respiration (usually fermentation) produces less ATP without oxygen.
      • Two common types are alcoholic fermentation (producing ethanol) and lactic acid fermentation (producing lactic acid).

  • Module 13-14: Chemical Events in Cellular Respiration

    • Glycolysis, the first stage of cellular respiration, breaks down glucose into pyruvate.
    • Pyruvate oxidation comes before the Citric Acid Cycle producing Acetyl-CoA which enters the Citric Acid cycle.
    • Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) is the second stage of cellular respiration, releasing carbon dioxide and generating energy carriers like NADH and FADH2.
    • Oxidative Phosphorylation is the final stage, utilizing the energy from energy carriers in the electron transport chain producing ATP.

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