82 Questions
Which of the following are cardinal features of general anesthesia?
Loss of all sensation, specially pain
What are the properties of an ideal anesthetic for the patient?
Pleasant to inhale, non-irritating
Which class of general anesthetics includes N2O, Ether, and Halothane?
Inhalational Gas
What is the main mechanism of action of intravenous general anesthetics like Thiopentone and Benzodiazepines?
Induction of unconsciousness
Which of the following is a property of an ideal anesthetic for the surgeon?
Adequate muscular relaxation
What are the stages of general anesthesia?
Induction, Maintenance, Recovery
Which of the following general anesthetics is known for its good analgesic property?
Propofol
What is the main property of an ideal anesthetic for the anesthetist?
Ready administration and easily controllable
Which of the following is a characteristic of Dissociative Anesthetics?
Produce amnesia
Which class of general anesthetics includes Methohexitone and Propofol?
Intravenous
What is the main classification of general anesthetics based on their form?
Gas and Liquids
Which of the following general anesthetics is known for its rapid induction and recovery?
Desflurane
Which inhalational anesthetic is largely obsolete?
Nitrous oxide
What is the main drawback of Ketamine as an anesthetic?
High incidence of dysphoria and hallucinations
Which intravenous anesthetic has antiemetic properties?
Propofol
Which inhalational agent is known for causing renal tubular dysfunction (nephrotoxicity)?
Methoxyflurane
Which inhalational agent is similar to isoflurane but lacks epileptogenic property?
Desflurane
Which intravenous anesthetic is known for block activation of NMDA-type glutamate receptors?
Ketamine
Which inhalational agent is used mainly for minor procedures in children?
Ketamine
Which intravenous anesthetic is known for unconsciousness without analgesia and inadequate skeletal muscle relaxation?
Midazolam
What are the main adverse effects of Halothane?
Hepatotoxicity and malignant hyperthermia
What is the use of nitrous oxide in anesthesia?
Short painful cases in dentistry and obstetrics
What are the main features of barbiturates as intravenous anesthetics?
Rapid and pleasant induction, unconsciousness with amnesia, analgesia and skeletal muscle relaxation
What are all the drugs given during anesthesia along with anesthetic agent?
BDZs, propofol, short acting opioids
Which inhalational anesthetic is known for causing renal tubular dysfunction (nephrotoxicity)?
Enflurane
Which intravenous anesthetic is known for unconsciousness without analgesia and inadequate skeletal muscle relaxation?
Etomidate
What is the main drawback of Ketamine as an anesthetic?
Emergence reactions
Which inhalational agent is used mainly for minor procedures in children?
Halothane
What are the main adverse effects of Halothane?
Renal dysfunction and hepatotoxicity
What are the properties of an ideal anesthetic for the patient?
Non-irritating and fast induction and recovery
Which class of general anesthetics includes N2O, Ether, and Halothane?
Inhalational gas
What is the main mechanism of action of intravenous general anesthetics like Thiopentone and Benzodiazepines?
Enhancement of GABAergic neurotransmission
Which of the following is a characteristic of Dissociative Anesthetics?
Rapid induction and recovery
Which inhalational agent is similar to isoflurane but lacks epileptogenic property?
Sevoflurane
Which of the following general anesthetics is known for its rapid induction and recovery?
Propofol
Which intravenous anesthetic has antiemetic properties?
Propofol
Which of the following inhalational agents is known for its rapid induction and recovery?
Isoflurane
What is the main drawback of Ketamine as an anesthetic?
High incidence of dysphoria and hallucinations
Which intravenous anesthetic is known for its antiemetic properties?
Propofol
Which inhalational agent is largely obsolete?
Ether
What are all Preanaesthetic medications, and what is the use related thereof?
Opioids, for analgesia and sedation
What are all the drugs given during anesthesia along with the anesthetic agent?
Short-acting opioids, for sedation
Which intravenous anesthetic is known for unconsciousness without analgesia and inadequate skeletal muscle relaxation?
Etomidate
Which inhalational agent is known for causing renal tubular dysfunction (nephrotoxicity)?
Methoxyflurane
What is the use of nitrous oxide in anesthesia?
Analgesia in minor procedures
Which of the following is a characteristic of Dissociative Anesthetics?
Profound analgesia combined with amnesia
What are the main features of barbiturates as intravenous anesthetics?
Unconsciousness with amnesia and inadequate analgesia
Which of the following inhalational agents is similar to isoflurane but lacks epileptogenic property?
Sevoflurane
Explain the mechanism of general anesthesia according to the lipid theory proposed by Meyer and Overton.
General anesthesia according to the lipid theory occurs by dissolving in the membrane lipids, causing gel-liquid transition (fluidization) which closes ion channels.
What is the main drawback of using Ketamine as an anesthetic?
The main drawback of Ketamine as an anesthetic is its high incidence of dysphoria and hallucinations.
Describe the induction and recovery properties of Halothane as an inhalational anesthetic.
Halothane has relatively faster induction and recovery properties.
Explain the mechanism of action of Nitrous Oxide as an inhalational anesthetic.
Nitrous Oxide provides good analgesic properties and is used in 60-80% concentration with oxygen for short painful cases in dentistry and obstetrics.
What are the main features of Barbiturates as intravenous anesthetics?
Barbiturates like Thiopental and Methohexital provide rapid and pleasant induction, unconsciousness with amnesia and have rapid recovery by redistribution. They may cause adverse effects like CVS and respiratory depression, and hypersensitivity reactions.
Explain the use of Propofol in anesthesia.
Propofol is used for conscious sedation and maintenance in cardiovascular surgery due to its antiemetic properties, but it may cause significant reduction in blood pressure and inhibit baroreflexes.
What are the main characteristics of Dissociative Anesthetics like Ketamine?
Dissociative Anesthetics like Ketamine provide complete analgesia combined with amnesia, profound analgesia, amnesia, paralysis of movement without actual loss of consciousness, but have a high incidence of dysphoria and hallucinations.
Explain the features of Benzodiazepines as anesthetics.
Benzodiazepines like Midazolam, Diazepam, and Lorazepam provide unconsciousness without analgesia, inadequate skeletal muscle relaxation, and are used for premedication and conscious sedation.
Describe the main use of Nitrous Oxide in anesthesia.
Nitrous Oxide is used for its good analgesic properties and is mainly used in 60-80% concentration with oxygen for short painful cases in dentistry and obstetrics.
What are the adverse effects of using Halothane as an inhalational anesthetic?
Halothane may cause hepatotoxicity, malignant hyperthermia, sensitization of the heart to catecholamines, hypotension, dysrhythmias, and hangover due to its high lipid solubility.
Explain the main features of Methohexital as a Barbiturate intravenous anesthetic.
Methohexital provides rapid and pleasant induction, unconsciousness with amnesia, and rapid recovery by redistribution, but may cause adverse effects like CVS and respiratory depression, and hypersensitivity reactions.
What are the cardinal features of general anesthesia?
The cardinal features of general anesthesia are loss of all sensation, specially pain; unconsciousness; amnesia; abolition of reflexes; and muscle relaxation.
What are the three properties of an ideal anesthetic for the patient?
The three properties of an ideal anesthetic for the patient are that it should be pleasant to inhale and non-irritating, induction and recovery should be fast and smooth, and there should be no nausea or vomiting.
What are the two classes of general anesthetics based on their form?
The two classes of general anesthetics are inhalational (including gases and liquids) and intravenous.
What are the common examples of inhalational general anesthetics?
Common examples of inhalational general anesthetics include N2O, Ether, Halothane, Enflurane, Isoflurane, Desflurane, and Sevoflurane.
What are the common examples of intravenous general anesthetics?
Common examples of intravenous general anesthetics include Thiopentone, Benzodiazepines (such as Diazepam, Lorazepam, and Midazolam), Propofol, and Etomidate.
What are the properties of an ideal anesthetic for the surgeon?
The properties of an ideal anesthetic for the surgeon include adequate muscular relaxation and good analgesic properties.
What are the main stages of general anesthesia?
The main stages of general anesthesia are induction, maintenance, and recovery.
What is the main drawback of Ketamine as an anesthetic?
The main drawback of Ketamine as an anesthetic is that it can cause hallucinations and emergence reactions in some patients.
What is the main mechanism of action of intravenous general anesthetics like Thiopentone and Benzodiazepines?
The main mechanism of action of intravenous general anesthetics like Thiopentone and Benzodiazepines is potentiation of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA.
What is the use of nitrous oxide in anesthesia?
Nitrous oxide is used in anesthesia for its analgesic properties and as an adjunct to other anesthetic agents.
What is the main classification of general anesthetics based on their form?
The main classification of general anesthetics is based on their form into inhalational (gases and liquids) and intravenous.
What are the cardinal features of general anesthesia?
The cardinal features of general anesthesia are loss of all sensation, specially pain; unconsciousness; amnesia; abolition of reflexes; and muscle relaxation.
Which of the following is a characteristic of Baclofen as a spasmolytic drug?
Acts as a GABAB agonist causing membrane hyperpolarization
Which drug is known for interfering with polysynaptic reflexes that maintain skeletal muscle tone?
Cyclobenzaprine
What is the main mechanism of action of Dantrolene as a spasmolytic drug?
Blocks RyR1 Ca2+ release channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle
Which drug facilitates GABAergic transmission in the central nervous system and increases interneuron inhibition of primary motor afferents in the spinal cord?
Diazepam
What is the main adverse effect of Baclofen as a spasmolytic drug?
Sedation
Which drug acts as an α2-Adrenoceptor agonist in the spinal cord and reinforces both presynaptic and postsynaptic inhibition of reflex motor output?
Tizanidine
Which spasmolytic drug is known for its use in severe spasticity conditions such as cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, and stroke?
Tizanidine
What is the main use of Dantrolene as a spasmolytic drug?
Spasm due to cerebral palsy, spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis
Which drug is known for its marked sedative and antimuscarinic actions and is used for acute spasm due to muscle injury and inflammation?
Cyclobenzaprine
Which spasmolytic drug acts by causing membrane hyperpolarization via increased K+ conductance and reduces the release of excitatory transmitters in both the brain and spinal cord?
Baclofen
Which drug is known for its use in acute spasm due to muscle injury and inflammation and has the adverse effects of confusion and visual hallucinations?
Cyclobenzaprine
Test your knowledge of general anesthetics with this quiz. Learn about the properties of an ideal anesthetic, stages of anesthesia, common general anesthetics, their classification, mechanism of action, uses, and adverse effects. Enhance your understanding of reversible loss of sensation and consciousness and the cardinal features of general anesthesia.
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