General Anesthetics Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following are cardinal features of general anesthesia?

  • Hyperconsciousness
  • Increased reflexes
  • Loss of all sensation, specially pain (correct)
  • Enhanced muscle tension

    • What are the properties of an ideal anesthetic for the patient?

  • Induction and recovery slow and rough
  • Causes nausea and vomiting
  • Unpleasant to inhale, irritating
  • Pleasant to inhale, non-irritating (correct)

    • Which class of general anesthetics includes N2O, Ether, and Halothane?

  • Slower acting agents
  • Intravenous
  • Inhalational Gas (correct)
  • Inducing

    • What is the main mechanism of action of intravenous general anesthetics like Thiopentone and Benzodiazepines?

    <p>Induction of unconsciousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a property of an ideal anesthetic for the surgeon?

    <p>Adequate muscular relaxation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the stages of general anesthesia?

    <p>Induction, Maintenance, Recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following general anesthetics is known for its good analgesic property?

    <p>Propofol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main property of an ideal anesthetic for the anesthetist?

    <p>Ready administration and easily controllable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Dissociative Anesthetics?

    <p>Produce amnesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of general anesthetics includes Methohexitone and Propofol?

    <p>Intravenous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main classification of general anesthetics based on their form?

    <p>Gas and Liquids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following general anesthetics is known for its rapid induction and recovery?

    <p>Desflurane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which inhalational anesthetic is largely obsolete?

    <p>Nitrous oxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main drawback of Ketamine as an anesthetic?

    <p>High incidence of dysphoria and hallucinations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intravenous anesthetic has antiemetic properties?

    <p>Propofol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which inhalational agent is known for causing renal tubular dysfunction (nephrotoxicity)?

    <p>Methoxyflurane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which inhalational agent is similar to isoflurane but lacks epileptogenic property?

    <p>Desflurane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intravenous anesthetic is known for block activation of NMDA-type glutamate receptors?

    <p>Ketamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which inhalational agent is used mainly for minor procedures in children?

    <p>Ketamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intravenous anesthetic is known for unconsciousness without analgesia and inadequate skeletal muscle relaxation?

    <p>Midazolam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main adverse effects of Halothane?

    <p>Hepatotoxicity and malignant hyperthermia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the use of nitrous oxide in anesthesia?

    <p>Short painful cases in dentistry and obstetrics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main features of barbiturates as intravenous anesthetics?

    <p>Rapid and pleasant induction, unconsciousness with amnesia, analgesia and skeletal muscle relaxation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are all the drugs given during anesthesia along with anesthetic agent?

    <p>BDZs, propofol, short acting opioids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which inhalational anesthetic is known for causing renal tubular dysfunction (nephrotoxicity)?

    <p>Enflurane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intravenous anesthetic is known for unconsciousness without analgesia and inadequate skeletal muscle relaxation?

    <p>Etomidate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main drawback of Ketamine as an anesthetic?

    <p>Emergence reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which inhalational agent is used mainly for minor procedures in children?

    <p>Halothane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main adverse effects of Halothane?

    <p>Renal dysfunction and hepatotoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the properties of an ideal anesthetic for the patient?

    <p>Non-irritating and fast induction and recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of general anesthetics includes N2O, Ether, and Halothane?

    <p>Inhalational gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mechanism of action of intravenous general anesthetics like Thiopentone and Benzodiazepines?

    <p>Enhancement of GABAergic neurotransmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Dissociative Anesthetics?

    <p>Rapid induction and recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which inhalational agent is similar to isoflurane but lacks epileptogenic property?

    <p>Sevoflurane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following general anesthetics is known for its rapid induction and recovery?

    <p>Propofol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intravenous anesthetic has antiemetic properties?

    <p>Propofol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following inhalational agents is known for its rapid induction and recovery?

    <p>Isoflurane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main drawback of Ketamine as an anesthetic?

    <p>High incidence of dysphoria and hallucinations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intravenous anesthetic is known for its antiemetic properties?

    <p>Propofol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which inhalational agent is largely obsolete?

    <p>Ether</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are all Preanaesthetic medications, and what is the use related thereof?

    <p>Opioids, for analgesia and sedation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are all the drugs given during anesthesia along with the anesthetic agent?

    <p>Short-acting opioids, for sedation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intravenous anesthetic is known for unconsciousness without analgesia and inadequate skeletal muscle relaxation?

    <p>Etomidate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which inhalational agent is known for causing renal tubular dysfunction (nephrotoxicity)?

    <p>Methoxyflurane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the use of nitrous oxide in anesthesia?

    <p>Analgesia in minor procedures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Dissociative Anesthetics?

    <p>Profound analgesia combined with amnesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main features of barbiturates as intravenous anesthetics?

    <p>Unconsciousness with amnesia and inadequate analgesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following inhalational agents is similar to isoflurane but lacks epileptogenic property?

    <p>Sevoflurane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the mechanism of general anesthesia according to the lipid theory proposed by Meyer and Overton.

    <p>General anesthesia according to the lipid theory occurs by dissolving in the membrane lipids, causing gel-liquid transition (fluidization) which closes ion channels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main drawback of using Ketamine as an anesthetic?

    <p>The main drawback of Ketamine as an anesthetic is its high incidence of dysphoria and hallucinations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the induction and recovery properties of Halothane as an inhalational anesthetic.

    <p>Halothane has relatively faster induction and recovery properties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the mechanism of action of Nitrous Oxide as an inhalational anesthetic.

    <p>Nitrous Oxide provides good analgesic properties and is used in 60-80% concentration with oxygen for short painful cases in dentistry and obstetrics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main features of Barbiturates as intravenous anesthetics?

    <p>Barbiturates like Thiopental and Methohexital provide rapid and pleasant induction, unconsciousness with amnesia and have rapid recovery by redistribution. They may cause adverse effects like CVS and respiratory depression, and hypersensitivity reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the use of Propofol in anesthesia.

    <p>Propofol is used for conscious sedation and maintenance in cardiovascular surgery due to its antiemetic properties, but it may cause significant reduction in blood pressure and inhibit baroreflexes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main characteristics of Dissociative Anesthetics like Ketamine?

    <p>Dissociative Anesthetics like Ketamine provide complete analgesia combined with amnesia, profound analgesia, amnesia, paralysis of movement without actual loss of consciousness, but have a high incidence of dysphoria and hallucinations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the features of Benzodiazepines as anesthetics.

    <p>Benzodiazepines like Midazolam, Diazepam, and Lorazepam provide unconsciousness without analgesia, inadequate skeletal muscle relaxation, and are used for premedication and conscious sedation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the main use of Nitrous Oxide in anesthesia.

    <p>Nitrous Oxide is used for its good analgesic properties and is mainly used in 60-80% concentration with oxygen for short painful cases in dentistry and obstetrics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the adverse effects of using Halothane as an inhalational anesthetic?

    <p>Halothane may cause hepatotoxicity, malignant hyperthermia, sensitization of the heart to catecholamines, hypotension, dysrhythmias, and hangover due to its high lipid solubility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the main features of Methohexital as a Barbiturate intravenous anesthetic.

    <p>Methohexital provides rapid and pleasant induction, unconsciousness with amnesia, and rapid recovery by redistribution, but may cause adverse effects like CVS and respiratory depression, and hypersensitivity reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the cardinal features of general anesthesia?

    <p>The cardinal features of general anesthesia are loss of all sensation, specially pain; unconsciousness; amnesia; abolition of reflexes; and muscle relaxation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three properties of an ideal anesthetic for the patient?

    <p>The three properties of an ideal anesthetic for the patient are that it should be pleasant to inhale and non-irritating, induction and recovery should be fast and smooth, and there should be no nausea or vomiting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two classes of general anesthetics based on their form?

    <p>The two classes of general anesthetics are inhalational (including gases and liquids) and intravenous.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the common examples of inhalational general anesthetics?

    <p>Common examples of inhalational general anesthetics include N2O, Ether, Halothane, Enflurane, Isoflurane, Desflurane, and Sevoflurane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the common examples of intravenous general anesthetics?

    <p>Common examples of intravenous general anesthetics include Thiopentone, Benzodiazepines (such as Diazepam, Lorazepam, and Midazolam), Propofol, and Etomidate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the properties of an ideal anesthetic for the surgeon?

    <p>The properties of an ideal anesthetic for the surgeon include adequate muscular relaxation and good analgesic properties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main stages of general anesthesia?

    <p>The main stages of general anesthesia are induction, maintenance, and recovery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main drawback of Ketamine as an anesthetic?

    <p>The main drawback of Ketamine as an anesthetic is that it can cause hallucinations and emergence reactions in some patients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mechanism of action of intravenous general anesthetics like Thiopentone and Benzodiazepines?

    <p>The main mechanism of action of intravenous general anesthetics like Thiopentone and Benzodiazepines is potentiation of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the use of nitrous oxide in anesthesia?

    <p>Nitrous oxide is used in anesthesia for its analgesic properties and as an adjunct to other anesthetic agents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main classification of general anesthetics based on their form?

    <p>The main classification of general anesthetics is based on their form into inhalational (gases and liquids) and intravenous.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the cardinal features of general anesthesia?

    <p>The cardinal features of general anesthesia are loss of all sensation, specially pain; unconsciousness; amnesia; abolition of reflexes; and muscle relaxation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Baclofen as a spasmolytic drug?

    <p>Acts as a GABAB agonist causing membrane hyperpolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is known for interfering with polysynaptic reflexes that maintain skeletal muscle tone?

    <p>Cyclobenzaprine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mechanism of action of Dantrolene as a spasmolytic drug?

    <p>Blocks RyR1 Ca2+ release channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug facilitates GABAergic transmission in the central nervous system and increases interneuron inhibition of primary motor afferents in the spinal cord?

    <p>Diazepam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main adverse effect of Baclofen as a spasmolytic drug?

    <p>Sedation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug acts as an α2-Adrenoceptor agonist in the spinal cord and reinforces both presynaptic and postsynaptic inhibition of reflex motor output?

    <p>Tizanidine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which spasmolytic drug is known for its use in severe spasticity conditions such as cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, and stroke?

    <p>Tizanidine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main use of Dantrolene as a spasmolytic drug?

    <p>Spasm due to cerebral palsy, spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is known for its marked sedative and antimuscarinic actions and is used for acute spasm due to muscle injury and inflammation?

    <p>Cyclobenzaprine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which spasmolytic drug acts by causing membrane hyperpolarization via increased K+ conductance and reduces the release of excitatory transmitters in both the brain and spinal cord?

    <p>Baclofen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is known for its use in acute spasm due to muscle injury and inflammation and has the adverse effects of confusion and visual hallucinations?

    <p>Cyclobenzaprine</p> Signup and view all the answers

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