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Questions and Answers
What effect does the increase of local anesthetics (LA) have on action potentials (AP)?
What effect does the increase of local anesthetics (LA) have on action potentials (AP)?
- Increases the rate of rise of AP
- Has no effect on action potentials
- Decreases the rate of rise of AP (correct)
- Increases the maximum depolarization
How does binding of local anesthetic (LA) affect the inactivation state of sodium channels?
How does binding of local anesthetic (LA) affect the inactivation state of sodium channels?
- It makes the inactivated state reversible
- It prolongs the inactivated state (correct)
- It shortens the duration of the inactivated state
- It has no effect on the inactivated state
What is the effect of local anesthetics on the refractory period of nerve fibers?
What is the effect of local anesthetics on the refractory period of nerve fibers?
- It decreases the refractory period
- It increases the refractory period (correct)
- It has no effect on the refractory period
- It stabilizes the refractory period without changes
What is the primary form of local anesthetic that binds to the receptor in sodium channels?
What is the primary form of local anesthetic that binds to the receptor in sodium channels?
Which state of the sodium channel has a higher affinity for local anesthetics?
Which state of the sodium channel has a higher affinity for local anesthetics?
How does local anesthetics affect the channel recovery process?
How does local anesthetics affect the channel recovery process?
What role does the activation gate play in sodium channel function?
What role does the activation gate play in sodium channel function?
What occurs during the depolarization phase of an action potential?
What occurs during the depolarization phase of an action potential?
What is the last area of the brain to be affected by increasing depth of anaesthesia?
What is the last area of the brain to be affected by increasing depth of anaesthesia?
Which of the following agents directly activates Cl channels, according to the content?
Which of the following agents directly activates Cl channels, according to the content?
What effect does the stage of analgesia have on the patient?
What effect does the stage of analgesia have on the patient?
Which neurotransmitter's action is augmented by barbiturates and inhalational anaesthetics in the spinal cord?
Which neurotransmitter's action is augmented by barbiturates and inhalational anaesthetics in the spinal cord?
What was the primary classification method for anaesthesia stages described by Guedel?
What was the primary classification method for anaesthesia stages described by Guedel?
What role do inhaled anaesthetics and barbiturates play in anaesthesia?
What role do inhaled anaesthetics and barbiturates play in anaesthesia?
What happens to responsiveness to painful stimuli in the anaesthetic state?
What happens to responsiveness to painful stimuli in the anaesthetic state?
What is a key feature of the stage of analgesia during anaesthesia?
What is a key feature of the stage of analgesia during anaesthesia?
What is the role of the S4 segments in the function of the subunit?
What is the role of the S4 segments in the function of the subunit?
Which statement correctly describes the function of local anesthetics (LAs) in nerve conduction?
Which statement correctly describes the function of local anesthetics (LAs) in nerve conduction?
What happens to the LA receptor located in the S6 segment when the nerve is repeatedly stimulated?
What happens to the LA receptor located in the S6 segment when the nerve is repeatedly stimulated?
How does the pKa of local anesthetics affect their onset time of blockade?
How does the pKa of local anesthetics affect their onset time of blockade?
What distinguishes chloroprocaine from other local anesthetics despite having a high pKa?
What distinguishes chloroprocaine from other local anesthetics despite having a high pKa?
What effect does exposure to higher concentrations of Ca2+ have on sodium channel inactivation?
What effect does exposure to higher concentrations of Ca2+ have on sodium channel inactivation?
What forms the wall of the Na selective pore in the subunit?
What forms the wall of the Na selective pore in the subunit?
Which local anesthetics are classified as slow-acting due to their pKa and ionization properties?
Which local anesthetics are classified as slow-acting due to their pKa and ionization properties?
What is the primary concern with the use of halothane in susceptible individuals?
What is the primary concern with the use of halothane in susceptible individuals?
What concentration of halothane is typically used for maintenance during anaesthesia?
What concentration of halothane is typically used for maintenance during anaesthesia?
Which property of halothane makes it a preferred anaesthetic for asthmatics?
Which property of halothane makes it a preferred anaesthetic for asthmatics?
How does halothane affect urine formation during anaesthesia?
How does halothane affect urine formation during anaesthesia?
What is a notable disadvantage of using halothane during labor?
What is a notable disadvantage of using halothane during labor?
What is the solubility level of halothane in blood?
What is the solubility level of halothane in blood?
What type of anaesthetic is halothane classified as?
What type of anaesthetic is halothane classified as?
Which of the following is true about halothane's analgesic properties?
Which of the following is true about halothane's analgesic properties?
What happens to gases with higher lipid solubility during anaesthesia?
What happens to gases with higher lipid solubility during anaesthesia?
How does carbon dioxide affect cerebral blood flow during anaesthesia?
How does carbon dioxide affect cerebral blood flow during anaesthesia?
What effect does the discontinuation of nitrous oxide have after prolonged anaesthesia?
What effect does the discontinuation of nitrous oxide have after prolonged anaesthesia?
What prevents diffusion hypoxia after discontinuing nitrous oxide?
What prevents diffusion hypoxia after discontinuing nitrous oxide?
In what manner are inhaled anaesthetics primarily eliminated from the body?
In what manner are inhaled anaesthetics primarily eliminated from the body?
What is a characteristic feature of diffusion hypoxia?
What is a characteristic feature of diffusion hypoxia?
Which statement is true regarding the solubility of anaesthetics in tissues?
Which statement is true regarding the solubility of anaesthetics in tissues?
What phenomenon is referred to as the 'second gas effect'?
What phenomenon is referred to as the 'second gas effect'?
Study Notes
Local Anesthetics
- LA affects sodium channels in nerve fibers
- LA binding prolongs the inactivated state of the sodium channel, increasing the refractory period
- LA blockade is frequency-dependent, meaning it increases with higher stimulation frequencies
- LA blockade is not due to hyperpolarization, resting membrane potential is unaffected
- LA onset times depend on pKa; lower pKa LAs have faster onset
- LA acts on sensory nerve endings, nerve trunks, neuromuscular junctions, and ganglia
General Anesthetics
- General anesthesia (GA) acts on the brain, suppressing the higher functions first
- GA affects vital centers in the medulla last
- GA induction and recovery depend on concentration of the anesthetic in the brain
- GA uptake, distribution, and elimination depend on solubility in blood and tissues
- GA concentration in fat tissue is higher than in other tissues due to higher lipid solubility
- GA affects cerebral blood flow; increased carbon dioxide inhalation causes cerebral vasodilation, accelerating induction and recovery
- GA elimination is primarily through the lungs, and recovery also depends on the same factors that determined induction.
Halothane
- Halothane is a potent volatile liquid anesthetic with sweet odor, non-irritant and non-flammable
- Halothane is a moderate blood solubility, making induction reasonably quick and pleasant
- Halothane is not a good analgesic or muscle relaxant, but potentiates competitive neuromuscular blockers
- Halothane causes bronchodilation, making it a preferred anesthetic for asthmatics
- Halothane inhibits intestinal and uterine contractions
- Halothane can prolong delivery during labor and increase postpartum blood loss
- Halothane decreases urine formation due to low glomerular filtration rate (GFR) caused by a decrease in blood pressure
- Halothane is a rare cause of hepatitis, particularly after repeated use or in those with familial predisposition
- Halothane can cause malignant hyperthermia, a genetically determined reaction, which occurs rarely
- Halothane toxicity is less frequent in children
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Description
Test your knowledge on local and general anesthetics with this quiz. Explore how local anesthetics interact with sodium channels and the mechanisms of general anesthetics in the brain. Enhance your understanding of pharmacology related to anesthetics.
