General Anatomy Lecture: Bones

General Anatomy Lecture: Bones

• Intended Learning Outcomes:
  • Classify the skeletal system and its components.
  • Classify bones based on position, shape, structure, and development.
  • Describe the structure of a long bone, including growth and blood supply.
  • Classify types of cartilage and their distribution.

Skeletal System

• Divided into axial and appendicular skeletons.
• Axial skeleton: Skull, sternum, ribs, and vertebral column.
• Appendicular skeleton: Bones of the upper and lower limbs.

Bones of the Skeleton

• Skull: Cranium and facial bones.
• Shoulder girdle: Clavicle and scapula.
• Arm bone: Humerus.
• Forearm bones: Radius and ulna.
• Hand: Carpals (8), metacarpals (5), and phalanges (3 in each finger, 2 in the thumb).
• Pelvic girdle: Hip bones.
• Thigh bone: Femur.
• Leg bones: Tibia and fibula.
• Foot: Tarsals (7), metatarsals (5), and phalanges (3 in each toe, 2 in the big toe).

Vertebral Column

• Composed of 7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae, 5 sacral vertebrae, and 3-5 coccygeal vertebrae.

Curves of the Vertebral Column

• Primary curves: Concave anteriorly at birth.
• Secondary curves:
  • Cervical curve: Convex anteriorly when a child extends their neck.
  • Lumbar curve: Convex anteriorly when a child begins to walk.

Additional Points

• Bone: Hard, vascular, mineralized connective tissue rich in calcium and phosphorus.

• Classification of bones by shape:

  • Long bones: Shaft (diaphysis) and two ends (epiphyses). Examples include arm and thigh bones.
  • Short bones: Shorter than long bones. Examples include carpals and tarsals.
  • Flat bones: Shallow plates. Examples include scapula, sternum, and skull bones.
  • Irregular bones: Vertebrae and hip bones.
  • Pneumatic bones: Contain air-filled spaces, such as the maxilla.
  • Sesamoid bones: Bony nodules embedded in tendons. Example includes the patella.

• Structure of a long bone: Diaphysis, epiphyses, metaphyses, epiphyseal plates.

  • Diaphysis: Shaft of the bone containing medullary cavity
  • Epiphysis: Ends of the bone
  • Metaphysis: Region between diaphysis and epiphysis
  • Epiphyseal plates: Cartilaginous discs for bone growth in length.
  • Blood Supply of Bones: Nutrient artery, periosteal artery, epiphyseal and metaphyseal arteries.

• Periosteum: Fibrous, vascular covering of bones, essential for growth, repair, and attachment.

Assignment

• Locate and label a diagram of the human skeleton.
• Provide examples of each bone type (long, short, flat, irregular, pneumatic, sesamoid).
• Include labels and arrows.

This quiz covers the classification and structure of the skeletal system, including the axial and appendicular skeletons. Participants will explore various types of bones, including their shapes, positions, and developmental aspects. Additionally, the quiz will address specific components and features of long bones and cartilage types.