General Anatomy: Bones Lecture Notes PDF

General Anatomy Lecture : (Bones) DR : (Othman) Extended Modular Program 1  1.Classify skeletal system and its components 2.Classify bones according to position, shape, structure and development 3.Describe st...

General Anatomy Lecture : (Bones) DR : (Othman) Extended Modular Program 1  1.Classify skeletal system and its components 2.Classify bones according to position, shape, structure and development 3.Describe structure of long bone , growth and blood supply. 4.Classify types of cartilage & their distribution Extended Modular Program 2  Skeletal system It divided into axial & appendicular Axial skeletal : skull ,sternum, ribs & vertebral column Appendicular skeletal: bones of upper limb & lower limbs  Vertebral column Vertebral column Includes 7 cervical vertebrae C 12 thoracic T 5 lumbar 5 sacral L L 3-5 coccygeal S  Curves of vertebral column Primary: concave anterior at birth Secondary: Cervical curve: convex anterior when child extend his neck Lumbar curve: convex anterior when child begins to walk  Appendicular Skeleton of clavicle upper & lower limbs Shoulder girdle: scapula& clavicle Bone of arm: humerus Bones of forearm: radius &ulna Hand: Carpal (8) , metacarpals (5) scapula & phalanges 3 in each finger 2 in thumb humerus  carpal hand forearm metacarpals ulna phalanges radius  Appendicular Skeleton Lower limb Hip bone Pelvic girdle: hip bone Bone of thigh : femur Bones of leg: tibia & fibula femur foot Tarsal bones(7) metatarsals (5) phalanges 3 in each finger except big toe 2  leg foot Tarsal metatarsals phalanges tibia tibia fibula  Bone: hard, highly vascular, mineralized connective tissue rich in calcium and phosphorus. Classification of bone according to position , shape, structure and development. Extended Modular Program 12 Classification of bones to position Axial bones: skull , vertebral column, ribs, sternum & hyoid bone Appendicular bones: bones of upper and lower limbs  Classification according to shape According to shape: Long bones : formed of shaft (diaphysis) and 2 ends ( epiphysis) like bones of arm and thigh Short bones: as long bones but shorter as carpal and tarsal bones Flat bones : shallow plates as scapula , sternum and bones of vault of skull Irregular bones: vertebrae and hip bone Pneumatic bones: bones containing air filled spaces as maxilla to lighten weight Sesamoid bones: bony nodules embedded in tendons as patella Pneumatic bone maxilla  Structure of long bone Diaphysis: shaft of bone contains medullary cavity Two epiphysis: ends of bone Two metaphysis: part of diaphysis close to epiphysis Two epiphyseal plates of cartilage: cartilaginous disc between epiphysis & diaphysis for growth of bone in length  Periostium. A fibrocollagenous vascular layer covering surface of bones Absent in articular surface & sesamoid bones Functions: Give attachment to muscles, tendons & ligaments Source of blood supply Growth of bone in width Healing of fractured bones  Compare shaft and ends of long Extended Modular Program 25  Blood supply of Bones Nutrient artery Periosteal artery Epiphyseal and metaphyseal arteries Muscular arteries Epiphyseal artery Metaphyseal artery Nutrient artery  Nutrient foramina The site of entry of nutrient arteries are constant Directed away from dominant growing epiphysis Bone is a hard connective tissue Classified according to position in to axial and appendicular According to shape into long & short flat& irregular pneumatic& sesamoid According to development to membranous and cartilagenous Long bone consists of diaphysis , epiphysis & epiphyseal plate of cartilage Search for unlabelled diagram of human skeleton. Point with labels and arrows 2 examples of each type of bone