Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which bones are classified as flat bones?
Which bones are classified as flat bones?
What type of bones are primarily found in the limbs and have a diaphysis and two epiphyses?
What type of bones are primarily found in the limbs and have a diaphysis and two epiphyses?
Which bones are classified as irregular bones?
Which bones are classified as irregular bones?
What is the primary function of the axial skeleton?
What is the primary function of the axial skeleton?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of short bones?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of short bones?
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Which functions do bones serve in the human body?
Which functions do bones serve in the human body?
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The appendicular skeleton primarily comprises the bones of which areas?
The appendicular skeleton primarily comprises the bones of which areas?
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What are sesamoid bones characterized by?
What are sesamoid bones characterized by?
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What is the primary function of bones concerning blood cell formation?
What is the primary function of bones concerning blood cell formation?
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Which of the following bone markings serves as a site of muscle and ligament attachment?
Which of the following bone markings serves as a site of muscle and ligament attachment?
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Which feature of bones primarily aids in joint formation?
Which feature of bones primarily aids in joint formation?
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What type of bone texture is characterized by a dense outer layer?
What type of bone texture is characterized by a dense outer layer?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of bones?
Which of the following is NOT a function of bones?
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What is the medullary cavity in adult bones primarily used for?
What is the medullary cavity in adult bones primarily used for?
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Which type of bony marking is described as a canal-like passageway?
Which type of bony marking is described as a canal-like passageway?
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Which of the following structures is found at the end of a long bone?
Which of the following structures is found at the end of a long bone?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?
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Which of the following describes the appendicular skeleton?
Which of the following describes the appendicular skeleton?
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What is the primary characteristic of fibrocartilage?
What is the primary characteristic of fibrocartilage?
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Which of these statements about bone markings is true?
Which of these statements about bone markings is true?
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Hyaline cartilage is characterized by which of the following features?
Hyaline cartilage is characterized by which of the following features?
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What are the two types of growth that occur in cartilage?
What are the two types of growth that occur in cartilage?
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Which type of bone is primarily responsible for storing minerals and housing the bone marrow?
Which type of bone is primarily responsible for storing minerals and housing the bone marrow?
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Which type of cartilage is specifically found in structures requiring both strength and the ability to withstand pressure?
Which type of cartilage is specifically found in structures requiring both strength and the ability to withstand pressure?
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Study Notes
Bones and Skeletal Tissues Part 1
- The skeletal system is an interconnected network of bones, ligaments, and tendons.
- This system provides support and protection for the body.
- The human skeleton is comprised of 206 bones.
Objectives
- The objectives include describing bone classification.
- Discussing the functions of the skeletal system.
- Identifying the four types of bones.
- Identifying various bone cells.
Skeletal Cartilages
- Cartilage does not contain blood vessels or nerves.
- Perichondrium surrounds cartilage, supplying nutrients.
- Three types of skeletal cartilages are hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage.
Types of Cartilage
- Hyaline cartilage: Provides support, flexibility, and resilience; most abundant.
- Elastic cartilage: Similar to hyaline, but includes elastic fibers.
- Fibrocartilage: Contains collagen fibers for great tensile strength.
Respiratory Tube Cartilages in Neck & Thorax
- Found in the respiratory system.
Growth of Cartilage
- Appositional growth: Cartilage cells secrete matrix on the external face of existing cartilage.
- Interstitial growth: Chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding cartilage internally.
- Calcification occurs during normal bone growth and old age.
Bones of Skeleton
- Two main groups:
- Axial skeleton: Bones of the skull and vertebrae, mainly flat and irregular, protect organs like the brain, heart, and lungs, and support the body.
- Appendicular skeleton: Bones of the limbs and girdles.
Parts of the Axial Skeleton
- Skull: Protects the brain.
- Vertebrae: Protect the spinal cord and help maintain upright posture.
- Ribs: Protect the lungs and heart; intercostal muscles move against the ribs for breathing.
Classification of Bones by Shape
- Long bones: Longer than wide (e.g., humerus).
- Short bones: Cube-shaped (e.g., carpals, tarsals).
- Flat bones: Thin, flat, slightly curved (e.g., skull bones).
- Irregular bones: Complicated shapes (e.g., vertebra, sphenoid).
Long Bones
- Found in the limbs.
- Each bone is a body (diaphysis) and extremities (epiphyses).
- The wall consists of dense tissue.
- A medullary canal contains marrow.
Divisions of the Skeletal System
- Divided into two:
- Axial: central, protects vital organs.
- Appendicular: skeleton of the extremities.
Structure of a Long Bone
- Diaphysis (shaft): Compact bone collar surrounds the medullary cavity, which contains yellow marrow in adults.
- Epiphyses (ends): Spongy bone interior, epiphyseal line (remnant of growth plate), articular cartilage on joint surfaces.
Membranes of Bone
- Periosteum: Outer fibrous layer. Inner osteogenic layer contains bone-forming cells (osteoblasts), bone-destroying cells (osteoclasts), and stem cells. Nerve fibers, nutrient blood vessels enter via nutrient foramina, secured to underlying bone by Sharpey's fibres.
- Endosteum: Delicate membrane on internal surfaces of bone; contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
Bone Textures
- Compact bone: Dense outer layer.
- Spongy bone: Honeycomb of trabeculae.
Location of Hematopoietic Tissue (Red Marrow)
- Adult red marrow is in trabecular cavities of the heads of the femur and humerus, and diploë of flat bones.
- Infant red marrow is in medullary cavities and all spaces in spongy bone.
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone - Cells of Bone
- Osteogenic cells: Stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts.
- Osteoblasts: Bone-forming cells.
- Osteocytes: Mature bone cells.
- Osteoclasts: Cells that break down bone matrix.
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone - Compact Bone
- Haversian system (osteon): Weight-bearing, column-like matrix tubes, Haversian/central canal (contains blood vessels and nerves).
- Lamellae (matrix tubes). Perforating/Volkmann's canals connect blood vessels and nerves. Lacunae (small cavities containing osteocytes). Canaliculi (hair-like canals connecting lacunae and central canal).
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone - Spongy Bone
- Trabeculae: Align along lines of stress; contain irregularly arranged lamellae,osteocytes, and canaliculi. Capillaries in endosteum supply nutrients.
Chemical Composition of Bone - Organic
- Osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts.
- Osteoid—organic bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts(proteoglycans, glycoproteins).
- Collagen fibers provide tensile strength and flexibility.
Chemical Composition of Bone - Inorganic
- Hydroxyapatites (mineral salts): 65% of bone mass.
- Mainly calcium phosphate crystals.
- Responsible for hardness & compression resistance
Factors Contributing to Bone Growth
- Nutrition (mainly calcium).
- Exposure to sunlight (promotes vitamin D production for calcium absorption).
- Hormonal secretion (e.g., growth hormone).
- Physical exercise (increases bone density and strength).
Bone Markings: Projections
- Sites of muscle and ligament attachments.
- Tuberosity, crest, trochanter, line, tubercle, epicondyle, spine, process.
Bone Markings: Depressions and Openings
- Meatus (canal-like passageways), sinus (cavity within a bone), fossa (shallow, basin-like depression), groove (furrow), fissure (narrow, slit-like opening), foramen (round or oval opening).
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Description
Explore the foundational concepts of the skeletal system in this quiz. You will learn about bone classification, the four types of bones, and the various bone cells. Additionally, we will cover the characteristics and types of skeletal cartilages.
