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Questions and Answers
What is the effect of base substitution in a gene mutation?
What is the effect of base substitution in a gene mutation?
- Has no effect on the encoded protein (correct)
- Adds nucleotide pairs in a gene
- Results in loss of nucleotide pairs in a gene
- Changes one amino acid to another
Which type of gene mutation involves the addition of nucleotide pairs in a gene?
Which type of gene mutation involves the addition of nucleotide pairs in a gene?
- Base substitution
- Base insertion (correct)
- Chromosomal mutation
- Base deletion
In gene mutation, what is the effect of missense mutation?
In gene mutation, what is the effect of missense mutation?
- Changes one amino acid to another (correct)
- Results in loss of nucleotide pairs in a gene
- Adds nucleotide pairs in a gene
- Has no effect on the encoded protein
Which type of mutation involves the loss of nucleotide pairs in a gene?
Which type of mutation involves the loss of nucleotide pairs in a gene?
What is the term for a mutation that occurs spontaneously without exposure to external factors?
What is the term for a mutation that occurs spontaneously without exposure to external factors?
Which type of mutation involves changes in a single nucleotide pair?
Which type of mutation involves changes in a single nucleotide pair?
What types of physical agents are mentioned in the text as causes of DNA damage and gene alteration?
What types of physical agents are mentioned in the text as causes of DNA damage and gene alteration?
How does ethidium bromide cause alterations in DNA?
How does ethidium bromide cause alterations in DNA?
What is the effect of base deletion in a gene mutation?
What is the effect of base deletion in a gene mutation?
Which mutation results from changes in a single nucleotide pair of a gene?
Which mutation results from changes in a single nucleotide pair of a gene?
What is the main characteristic of induced mutations?
What is the main characteristic of induced mutations?
What effect does colchicine have on spindle fiber development?
What effect does colchicine have on spindle fiber development?
What is the definition of mutation?
What is the definition of mutation?
Which type of mutation is characterized by error during DNA replication or recombination?
Which type of mutation is characterized by error during DNA replication or recombination?
What is a mutagen?
What is a mutagen?
Which class of mutation is caused by external factors such as chemical agents?
Which class of mutation is caused by external factors such as chemical agents?
What is the outcome of non-disjunction during meiosis?
What is the outcome of non-disjunction during meiosis?
Which term refers to a gene that has undergone mutation or an organism carrying a mutated gene?
Which term refers to a gene that has undergone mutation or an organism carrying a mutated gene?
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Study Notes
Mutation
- Mutation: a permanent change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism's DNA, important as a source of genetic diversity
- Types of mutation:
- Spontaneous mutation: occurs due to error during DNA replication or recombination
- Induced mutation: caused by mutagens (chemical or physical agents that interact with DNA)
Classification of Mutations
- Two main types of mutations:
- Gene/point mutation: changes in a single nucleotide pair of a gene
- Chromosomal mutation: changes in the number or structure of chromosomes
Gene Mutations
- Definition: changes in a single nucleotide pair of a gene
- Three types of gene mutations:
- Base substitution: one nucleotide pair is replaced with another (e.g. sickle cell anaemia)
- Base insertion: addition of nucleotide pairs in a gene
- Base deletion: loss of nucleotide pairs in a gene (e.g. thalassaemia)
Effects of Base Substitution
- Silent mutation: base substitution has no effect on the encoded protein
- Missense mutation: base substitution changes one amino acid to another
- Nonsense mutation: base substitution leads to the premature termination of protein synthesis
- Frameshift mutation: base insertion or deletion leads to a change in the reading frame of the genetic code
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