Gene Expression (Transcription) Overview

In prokaryotes, this enzyme is responsible for creating all three types of RNA: mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA.

A protein subunit of prokaryotic RNA polymerase that recognizes and binds to the promoter region.

A specific DNA sequence located around 10 bases upstream of the start point of transcription in prokaryotes.

In prokaryotes, it's a DNA sequence located around 35 bases upstream of the start point, influencing the frequency of transcription.

A process in transcription where RNA polymerase moves along the DNA template, adding nucleotides to the growing RNA strand.

A specific termination protein that binds to the newly synthesized RNA and helps end transcription in prokaryotes.

A type of transcription termination in prokaryotes where a specific DNA sequence forms a hairpin structure in the RNA, causing RNA polymerase to detach.

A specific DNA sequence that forms a hairpin structure in the RNA, aiding rho-independent termination.

A special RNA sequence that acts like a hairpin, helping to signal the end of a histone mRNA. This ensures the histone mRNA doesn't get too long.

The starting point for RNA polymerase II to begin transcribing a gene. Think of it as the address on the DNA where transcription starts.

A group of proteins that help RNA polymerase II bind to the promoter and initiate transcription. It's like a team of workers preparing the DNA for the transcription process.

A DNA sequence that helps regulate how often a gene is transcribed. It affects the frequency of transcription, controlling how many mRNA copies are made from a gene.

A protein that binds to the TATA box helping to bring RNA polymerase II to the right spot on the DNA to initiate transcription.

A transcription factor involved in initiating transcription. It helps assemble the preinitiation complex.

The process of making a copy of a gene's DNA sequence into RNA. This is the first step in gene expression.

The initial complex formed during transcription initiation, consisting of RNA polymerase II and various transcription factors (TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIIF, TFIIE, and TFIIH).

DNA sequences located upstream or downstream of the gene that can bind regulatory proteins to enhance or repress the rate of transcription.

The process of unwinding a short region of DNA to expose the template strand for RNA polymerase.

The addition of a 7-methylguanosine cap to the 5' end of a pre-mRNA molecule, protecting it from degradation and facilitating ribosome binding.

The process of adding a string of adenine nucleotides (poly-A tail) to the 3' end of a pre-mRNA molecule, increasing stability and facilitating export from the nucleus.

The process of removing introns (non-coding regions) from pre-mRNA, leaving behind only the exons (coding regions) to form mature mRNA.

The process of RNA polymerase moving along the DNA template strand, synthesizing a complementary RNA strand.

The termination of transcription occurs when the RNA polymerase encounters a specific sequence in the DNA (AAUAAA followed by a GU-rich sequence).

A protein complex in prokaryotes that recognizes the promoter region of DNA and facilitates the binding of RNA polymerase.

A sequence of DNA located upstream of the start codon in prokaryotes, serving as a binding site for RNA polymerase.

A DNA sequence located upstream of the start codon in eukaryotes, serving as a binding site for transcription factors.

An enzyme in prokaryotes that unwinds DNA ahead of RNA polymerase, allowing for transcription.

The removal of introns (non-coding regions) from pre-mRNA and the joining of exons (coding regions) to create mature mRNA. This process ensures only the necessary genetic information is translated into protein.

Specialized RNA molecules that, along with proteins, form complexes called snRNPs (small nuclear ribonucleoproteins) involved in splicing. These complexes recognize and remove introns from pre-mRNA.

A process that allows the same pre-mRNA to be spliced in different ways, creating multiple protein isoforms from a single gene. This adds complexity to gene expression and allows for diverse functions.

A type of RNA molecule that carries amino acids to the ribosomes for protein synthesis. It has a cloverleaf structure and undergoes processing steps including 5' end removal, 3' CCA addition, and intron excision.