Gene Expression Overview and Transcription Chapter 12
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Questions and Answers

What is the process of converting genetic information into functional products called?

Gene expression

What is a heritable change in genetic material that can affect gene function?

Mutation

What is an inherited metabolic defect caused by mutant genes?

Inborn error of metabolism

What is the metabolic disorder characterized by the accumulation of homogentisic acid?

<p>Alkaptonuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who were the researchers who linked genes to enzyme synthesis?

<p>Beadle and Tatum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hypothesis states that each gene controls the production of one enzyme?

<p>One gene-one enzyme hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein?

<p>Central dogma</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template?

<p>Transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of RNA carries the genetic code for amino acid sequences?

<p>mRNA (messenger RNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of RNA carries amino acids to ribosomes for protein synthesis?

<p>tRNA (transfer RNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of RNA forms part of ribosomes?

<p>rRNA (ribosomal RNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the enzyme that synthesizes RNA from a DNA template?

<p>RNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the modified guanine nucleotide added to the 5' end of mRNA?

<p>5' cap</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the string of adenines added to the 3' end of mRNA?

<p>Poly A tail</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of removing introns and joining exons in mRNA?

<p>Splicing</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA that specifies an amino acid?

<p>Codon</p> Signup and view all the answers

What refers to the fact that multiple codons can specify the same amino acid?

<p>Degenerate code</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the enzymes that attach amino acids to their corresponding tRNA?

<p>Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the molecular machine where protein synthesis occurs?

<p>Ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is defined by the start codon and determines how codons are grouped?

<p>Reading frame</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formation of a peptide bond between amino acids?

<p>Peptidyl transfer reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are proteins that terminate translation at stop codons?

<p>Release factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stage in translation involves the lengthening of the polypeptide chain??

<p>Elongation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the end of translation upon reaching a stop codon?

<p>Termination</p> Signup and view all the answers

Transcription factors are only required in prokaryotes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the DNA strand used for RNA synthesis during transcription?

<p>Template strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

What DNA strand has the same sequence as mRNA (with T instead of U)?

<p>Coding strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process enables a single gene to produce multiple mRNAs?

<p>Alternative splicing</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are small nuclear ribonucleoproteins involved in splicing?

<p>snRNPs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Gene Expression

The process of converting genetic information from DNA into functional products, primarily proteins.

Mutation

A permanent alteration in the DNA sequence of a gene, which can affect its function.

Inborn Error of Metabolism

A genetic disorder caused by a defective enzyme due to a mutation in the gene responsible for its production.

Alkaptonuria

A metabolic disorder caused by a deficiency in the enzyme homogentisate oxidase, leading to the accumulation of homogentisic acid in the body.

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Beadle and Tatum

Scientists who linked genes to specific enzymes, pioneering the field of biochemical genetics.

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One Gene-One Enzyme Hypothesis

The concept that each gene is responsible for producing a single specific enzyme, crucial for a particular biochemical process.

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Central Dogma

The central flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein, describing the core process of gene expression.

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Transcription

The process of copying genetic information from DNA into RNA, using DNA as a template.

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mRNA

Messenger RNA, carrying the genetic code from DNA to ribosomes, where proteins are synthesized.

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tRNA

Transfer RNA, carrying specific amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis, guided by the mRNA sequence.

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rRNA

Ribosomal RNA, forming part of the ribosomes, the molecular machinery responsible for protein synthesis.

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RNA Polymerase

The enzyme responsible for synthesizing RNA from a DNA template during transcription.

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5' Cap

A modified guanine nucleotide attached to the 5' end of mRNA, protecting and stabilizing it, and aiding in translation.

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Poly A Tail

A string of adenine nucleotides attached to the 3' end of mRNA, protecting it from degradation and aiding in translation.

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Splicing

The process of removing non-coding introns from pre-mRNA and joining the coding exons together, creating a mature mRNA transcript.

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Codon

A sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid during protein synthesis.

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Degenerate Code

The genetic code is degenerate, meaning that multiple codons can code for the same amino acid, providing some redundancy in the system.

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Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases

Enzymes that specifically attach the correct amino acid to its corresponding tRNA, ensuring accurate protein synthesis.

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Ribosome

The molecular machine in cells responsible for protein synthesis, where mRNA and tRNA interact to assemble amino acids.

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Reading Frame

The correct grouping of codons in mRNA, defined by the start codon, ensuring the accurate translation of the genetic code.

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Peptidyl Transfer Reaction

The formation of a peptide bond between two amino acids, catalyzed by the ribosome during protein synthesis.

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Release Factors

Proteins that recognize stop codons in mRNA and trigger the termination of protein synthesis.

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Elongation

The stage of protein synthesis where the polypeptide chain grows longer by adding amino acids sequentially.

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Termination

The final step in protein synthesis when the polypeptide chain is complete and released from the ribosome.

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Transcription Factors

Proteins that regulate gene expression by binding to DNA and controlling the initiation of transcription in eukaryotes.

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Template Strand

The DNA strand used as a template during transcription, the strand from which the RNA molecule is copied.

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Coding Strand

The DNA strand that has the same sequence as the mRNA produced from it, with thymine instead of uracil.

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Alternative Splicing

The process of producing multiple mature mRNA transcripts from a single gene by varying the splicing patterns of pre-mRNA.

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snRNPs

Small nuclear ribonucleoproteins, consisting of RNA and protein, involved in splicing pre-mRNA.

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Study Notes

Gene Expression Overview

  • Gene expression is the process of converting genetic information into functional products.
  • Mutations are heritable changes in genetic material that affect gene function.
  • Inborn errors of metabolism are inherited defects resulting from mutant genes disrupting metabolic processes.
  • Alkaptonuria is a metabolic disorder characterized by homogentisic acid accumulation.
  • Beadle and Tatum linked genes to enzyme synthesis.
  • The one gene-one enzyme hypothesis proposes that each gene controls the production of a single enzyme.
  • The central dogma describes the flow of genetic information: DNA to RNA to protein.

Transcription

  • Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template.
  • mRNA (messenger RNA) carries the genetic code for protein synthesis.
  • tRNA (transfer RNA) carries amino acids to ribosomes.
  • rRNA (ribosomal RNA) forms part of ribosomes, the protein synthesis machinery.
  • RNA polymerase is the enzyme that synthesizes RNA using a DNA template.

mRNA Processing

  • mRNA precursors undergo modifications like the addition of a 5' cap and a poly A tail.
  • mRNA splicing removes introns (non-coding regions) and joins exons (coding regions).

Translation

  • Codons are three-nucleotide sequences on mRNA that specify amino acids.
  • The genetic code is degenerate, with multiple codons often specifying the same amino acid.
  • Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases attach amino acids to their corresponding tRNA molecules.
  • Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis.
  • The reading frame is determined by the start codon and dictates the grouping of codons.
  • Peptidyl transfer reaction creates peptide bonds between amino acids.
  • Release factors terminate translation at stop codons.
  • Elongation is the stage where the polypeptide chain grows.
  • Termination marks the end of protein synthesis.

Regulation of Gene Expression

  • Transcription factors are proteins involved in initiating transcription in eukaryotes.
  • The template strand of DNA serves as the template for RNA synthesis.
  • The coding strand of DNA has the same sequence as the mRNA, differing only in the substitution of uracil (U) for thymine (T).
  • Alternative splicing allows a single gene to produce multiple proteins by different mRNA arrangements.
  • snRNPs (small nuclear ribonucleoproteins) play a role in mRNA splicing.

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Description

Explore the fundamentals of gene expression and transcription in this quiz. Learn about the processes that convert genetic information into functional products, including the role of various types of RNA and the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis. Test your knowledge on key concepts such as mutations and inborn errors of metabolism.

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