Gender Typing Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is gender typing?

The process by which children acquire a gender identity.

What does gender typing develop through the acquisition of?

Gender identity

Gender-role stereotypes

Gender-typed behaviors

All of the above (correct)

At what age can children start to perceive their gender identity?

4 months.

What age marks the understanding of their gender identity?

2.5-3 years. Signup and view all the answers

When is gender consistency established?

5 years. Signup and view all the answers

At what age do kids begin to understand gender stereotypes?

Around 2.5-3 years. Signup and view all the answers

Which gender develops stereotypes quicker?

Males. Signup and view all the answers

Males are more stereotypic than females.

True Signup and view all the answers

When is gender stereotyping less rigid for both genders?

Before the age of 2 and between 3rd and 5th grade. Signup and view all the answers

When is gender stereotyping more rigid for both genders?

Kindergarten and again between 5th and 8th grade. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Hartup study about?

Which gender experiences more socialization pressures to adhere to their appropriate gender stereotype. Signup and view all the answers

In the Hartup study, what did boys do when alone in the room?

Showed interest in playing with both boy and girl toys, but chose to play only with boy toys. Signup and view all the answers

In the Hartup study, what did girls do when alone in the room?

Felt free to play with both boy and girl toys. Signup and view all the answers

What questions were addressed in the Lafreniere study?

Does one gender initiate sex-segregation? How is it maintained? At what age does this preference emerge? Signup and view all the answers

What were Lafreniere's hypotheses about sex-segregation?

Girls initiate sex-segregation due to behavioral incompatibility, while boys are choosier due to socialization pressures. Signup and view all the answers

Why did Lafreniere hypothesize that girls initiate sex segregation?

Behavioral incompatibility. Signup and view all the answers

Why did Lafreniere hypothesize that boys are choosy by 5 years of age?

Boys are selective due to socialization pressures to play with other boys. Signup and view all the answers

What were Lafreniere's findings regarding play preferences at 18 months?

Neither boys nor girls deviated from the standard deviation. Signup and view all the answers

What did Lafreniere find regarding girls' preferences at 27 months?

Girls showed a preference for same-sex partners, while boys did not. Signup and view all the answers

What did Lafreniere conclude regarding boys' behavior by age 5?

They showed a much stronger preference to play with same-sex peers. Signup and view all the answers

What did Lafreniere's findings on behavioral incompatibility highlight?

Boys tend to be too fast and rambunctious, while young females master language better. Signup and view all the answers

What was Lafreniere's conclusion about boys' selectiveness by age 5?

They were choosy not necessarily due to behavioral compatibility, but because they understood sex differences. Signup and view all the answers

What do Maccoby & Jacklyn's studies indicate?

Sex differences emerge primarily in social situations. Signup and view all the answers

What are Maccoby's four domains for sex differences?

Behavior, emotions, cognition, and morphology. Signup and view all the answers

In Maccoby's behavioral domain, what were observed differences?

Males are more active and physically and verbally aggressive. Signup and view all the answers

In Maccoby's emotional domain, what are some differences?

Females are more sensitive, expressive, and fearful. Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive differences did Maccoby observe?

Females are better than males at verbal tasks, while males excel in spatial tasks. Signup and view all the answers

What did Maccoby find in terms of morphological domain?

Males are typically taller, heavier, and stronger. Signup and view all the answers

What problems did Maccoby identify with her domains?

The differences are small in magnitude, show large intra-sex variability, and depend on socialization pressures. Signup and view all the answers

Where did Maccoby suggest most gender differences appeared?

In social situations. Signup and view all the answers

What were Maccoby's findings on social situations for young kids?

Males occupy more space, while females tend to stay closer to teachers in mixed-gender play. Signup and view all the answers

What did Maccoby find in social situations for adults?

Similar trends as younger children, with females speaking less in mixed-gender settings. Signup and view all the answers

What is the point of Maccoby's social setting experiment?

Differences observed are highly constrained by the social context. Signup and view all the answers

What are the differences found in brain structure between genders?

The female brain is slightly smaller, has a larger corpus callosum, and shows different activation patterns. Signup and view all the answers

What similarities exist in brain structures between genders?

The total cortical surface area is the same. Signup and view all the answers

What are the effects of the difference in corpus callosum density?

The female brain has more flexibility, allowing for better integration of analytical and creative inputs. Signup and view all the answers

How do evolutionary approaches explain sex differences in aggression and nurturance?

They suggest these traits offer reproductive advantages for natural selection. Signup and view all the answers

What are the problems with evolutionary explanations?

They can't be proven and often rely on circular logic. Signup and view all the answers

What did West-Eberhart propose?

A modern evolutionary understanding of gender differences. Signup and view all the answers

How did West-Eberhart explain natural selection?

Natural selection selects for adaptive flexibility rather than specific traits. Signup and view all the answers

Did West-Eberhart believe that gender is set in stone?

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between the modern and original understanding of evolutionary gender differences?

The modern understanding can be tested and observed across species. Signup and view all the answers

What was West-Eberhart's conclusion?

Sex differences are expected to change in response to adaptation to context. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Gender Typing

Gender typing is the process by which children acquire gender identity, including culturally appropriate motives, values, and behaviors for their biological sex.

Development of Gender Typing

Involves acquisition of gender identity, gender-role stereotypes, and gender-typed behaviors.
Children may perceive their gender identity as early as 4 months and label themselves around 2.5 years.

Gender Consistency

Gender consistency is established by age 5, prior to which children's gender identity can change based on appearance.
Understanding of gender stereotypes begins simultaneously with identifying their own gender, around ages 2.5 to 3.

Gender Stereotypes

Males tend to develop gender stereotypes more quickly, especially noticeable after age 2.
Males are generally more stereotypic than females.
Gender stereotyping is less rigid before age 2 and between 3rd and 5th grade; more rigid in kindergarten and again between 5th and 8th grade.

Hartup Study

Examined socialization pressures that affect behavior according to gender stereotypes.
Boys preferred to play only with male toys even when alone, while girls felt unrestricted in choosing toys regardless of gender.

Lafreniere Study

Investigated initiation of sex-segregation, maintenance of preferences, and age of preference emergence.
Hypothesized girls initiate sex-segregation due to behavioral incompatibility; boys become choosier by age 5 due to socialization pressures.

Sex Differences in Behavior

Boys tend to display more active, aggressive behavior, while girls show more sensitivity and expressiveness.
Cognitive differences include females excelling in verbal skills, while males excel in spatial skills, with math abilities notably favoring males in adolescence.

Morphological Differences

Males are generally taller, heavier, and stronger than females, with females exhibiting greater resistance in long-term strength.
Terms like "sexual dimorphism" reference the two distinct forms associated with gender differences.

Limitations of Findings

Observed differences tend to be small, with significant intra-sex variability.
Cultural variations and socialization pressures heavily influence these differences; they may not be universally applicable.
Most gender differences appear in social situations; interactions can vary based on the mixed-sex or same-sex context.

Brain Structure Differences

Female brains are slightly smaller with a denser corpus callosum, suggesting different patterns of brain activation during cognitive tasks.
Despite size differences, total cortical surface area remains consistent, with structural differences in folding patterns.

Evolutionary Approaches

Evolutionary theories suggest sex differences in aggression and nurturance may provide reproductive advantages.
Males' physical aggression historically aided hunting, while females' social alliances enhanced childcare and offspring survival.

Critiques of Evolutionary Theories

Traditional evolutionary explanations are often circular, unverifiable, and retrospectively framed, thus lacking predictive power.

West-Eberhard's Modern Perspective

Proposes that natural selection promotes adaptive flexibility rather than fixed traits, embracing developmental plasticity.
Gender characteristics are not immutable; they can adapt based on environmental conditions.

Key Conclusions

Sex differences are expected to evolve with contextual adaptations, countering the belief in biology as destiny.

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Description

Explore the concept of gender typing through these flashcards. Each card delves into the definitions and implications of gender identity and stereotypes, helping you understand how children acquire gender roles. Perfect for students studying psychology or social sciences.