Gender Roles and Stereotypes in the Philippines
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary expectation of men regarding emotional expression according to traditional gender roles?

  • They should remain emotionally detached. (correct)
  • They should display more affection towards friends.
  • They should express emotions freely.
  • They should prioritize emotional intelligence.

Which of the following best describes women's traditional role in the household?

  • As the main breadwinners for the family.
  • As equal partners in all household responsibilities.
  • As homemakers responsible for domestic work. (correct)
  • As the primary decision-makers for financial matters.

During which era in the Philippines did men and women enjoy nearly equal status?

  • Pre-Colonial Era (correct)
  • American Era
  • Japanese Era
  • Spanish Era

What effect did the Spanish Era have on gender roles in Philippine society?

<p>Instilled women's subordinate status and established patriarchy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the perception of gender roles change from the Pre-Colonial Era to the American Era?

<p>Gender roles became more fixed but still under patriarchy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of gender stereotypes?

<p>Generalized views or preconceptions about gender attributes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is typically associated with men's traditional gender roles?

<p>Strength and boldness. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which societal expectation placed on women does not reflect traditional gender roles?

<p>To prioritize career over family responsibilities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the privileges enjoyed by the workers of the Cavite arsenal that were abolished?

<p>Non-payment of tributes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event is associated with the mistaken signal for revolt in Cavite in 1872?

<p>Celebratory fireworks for the Feast of the Virgin of Loreto (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group was primarily targeted by the Spanish government as a response to the revolt?

<p>Filipino clergy perceived as rebels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the reaction of Gov. Izquierdo after the revolt broke out?

<p>He immediately ordered reinforcements to suppress the revolt. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the significant outcomes of the execution of GOMBURZA?

<p>It decreased support for the Spanish regime. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who conducted the first documented Catholic Mass in the Philippines?

<p>Father Pedro de Valderrama (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the name of the island where the first documented Catholic Mass was held?

<p>Mazaua (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what year did the first documented Catholic Mass occur?

<p>1521 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best summarizes the debate about where the first Mass was held?

<p>The National Historical Commission rejected all claims made by pro-Butuan advocates. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long did Magellan's expedition stay at the uninhabited island of Homonhon?

<p>8 days (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant event happened on March 16, 1521, during Magellan's expedition?

<p>They sighted the island of Samar. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant event took place on March 31, 1521?

<p>The first Catholic mass in the Philippines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was the civil governor of colonial provinces in 1875 noted for their knowledge of Philippine history?

<p>Jose Montero y Vidal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which island is recognized by the National Historical Commission of the Philippines as the site of the first Catholic mass in the country?

<p>Limasawa (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the revolt referred to as the Cavite Mutiny?

<p>To secure independence from the Spanish government (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who executed 41 mutineers during the Cavite Mutiny, including GOMBURZA?

<p>Gov. Gen. Rafael Izquirdo (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Catholicism emphasize in terms of family structure?

<p>A patriarchal structure with male authority (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the GOMBURZA martyrs known for?

<p>Being executed for their alleged involvement in the Cavite Mutiny (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which role are women traditionally expected to fulfill according to patriarchal structures in Catholicism?

<p>Nurturing caregivers responsible for domestic duties (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Catholic Church's view on divorce affect marital situations?

<p>Does not recognize divorce, complicating marital breakdowns (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the nature of the relationship between Jose Montero y Vidal and Gov. Gen. Rafael Izquirdo regarding their accounts of the Cavite Mutiny?

<p>Their accounts complemented and corroborated each other (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant marker did Magellan's group establish upon their return to shore on March 31?

<p>A cross on the highest hill in Mazaua (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact do traditional gender roles have on women's opportunities?

<p>They limit women's educational and career opportunities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a challenge faced by women in the context of reproductive rights?

<p>Limited reproductive choices due to church teachings (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What trend is observed as the Philippines modernizes?

<p>A growing movement towards gender equality (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributes to the sometimes normalized culture of domestic violence?

<p>Emphasis on male authority within traditional structures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has culture influenced gender roles and expectations?

<p>It dictates societal norms around what is acceptable for men and women (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the date of the Cavite Mutiny?

<p>January 22, 1872 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which two novels did Jose Rizal publish between 1886 and 1887?

<p>Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What claim did Fr. Victor Balaguer make regarding Rizal's retraction?

<p>Rizal retracted his words and deeds and married Josephine Bracken. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which media outlets published the text of Rizal's supposed retraction immediately on the day of his execution?

<p>Diario de Manila and La Voz Espanola (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What fundamental belief did Rizal disavow in his retraction?

<p>His connection to Masonry (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been suggested by some regarding the authenticity of the evidence for Rizal's retraction?

<p>The evidence is insufficient and questionable. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Rizal's published works during his life demonstrate about his political views?

<p>Disloyalty to Spain and anti-Catholic sentiments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major historical event occurred on June 12, 1898?

<p>The declaration of Independence Day (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Gender Roles

Societal expectations about how individuals should behave based on their perceived gender.

Gender Stereotypes

General beliefs about the characteristics, abilities, and behaviors associated with men and women.

Traditional Male Gender Roles

Expectations that men should be strong, assertive, and unemotional, often associated with roles like provider and protector.

Traditional Female Gender Roles

Expectations that women should be nurturing, caring, and emotionally expressive, often associated with roles like homemaker and caregiver.

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Patriarchal Society

The system where men hold more power and authority than women.

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Gender Socialization

The process of learning and internalizing gender roles and stereotypes.

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Gender Essentialism

The belief that gender roles and stereotypes are fixed and unchanging.

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Gender Constructionism

The idea that gender is fluid and can vary across cultures and over time.

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Patriarchal structure

The belief that men should hold more power and authority in the family, often rooted in religious teachings.

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Traditional role of women

Women are expected to be nurturing caregivers, prioritize domestic work, and focus on family over career.

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Marital expectations

Marriage is highly valued, and both partners are expected to remain faithful and abstain from sex before marriage.

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Limited opportunities for women

Traditional gender roles can limit opportunities for women in education and careers, as they're expected to focus on family duties.

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Domestic violence

While not directly condoned by the church, the emphasis on male authority can lead to a culture that tolerates or normalizes domestic violence against women.

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Reproductive rights

The church opposes abortion and contraception, limiting women's control over their reproductive choices.

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Challenges to traditional gender roles

As societies modernize, education levels rise, and women's rights become increasingly important, challenges to traditional gender roles are growing.

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Influence of culture

Culture plays a crucial role in defining acceptable behaviors for men and women, often limiting their choices and opportunities.

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First Mass in the Philippines

The first documented Catholic Mass in the Philippines, held on Easter Sunday, March 31, 1521.

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Limasawa

The site of the first documented Catholic Mass in the Philippines.

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Father Pedro de Valderrama

The priest who conducted the first documented Catholic Mass in the Philippines.

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Ferdinand Magellan

The explorer who led the expedition that held the first Mass in the Philippines.

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Antonio Pigafetta

The chronicler of Magellan's expedition who documented the first mass in the Philippines.

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Homonhon

The island where Magellan's expedition landed prior to the first Mass in the Philippines.

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Ruy Lopez de Villalobos

The explorer who led the expedition that landed in Mindanao in 1543, potentially raising questions about the location of the first Mass.

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Butuan

The island previously thought to be the site of the first Mass in the Philippines, subject to debate.

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Mutiny

The uprising of a group of people against authority. It often involves an attempt to overthrow or oppose the established leadership.

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Cavite Mutiny

The event in 1872 where Filipino soldiers and workers in Cavite revolted against the Spanish colonial authorities.

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Jose Montero y Vidal

A Spanish official and historian who wrote about the Cavite Mutiny, viewing it as a rebellion against Spanish rule. His work emphasizes the Filipinos' desire for independence.

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Governor General Rafael Izquirdo

The Spanish Governor-General in the Philippines during the Cavite Mutiny. He exaggerated the event and used it to implicate the native clergy, who advocated for greater autonomy.

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GOMBURZA

Three Filipino priests: Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora. They were unjustly executed by Spanish authorities after being implicated in the Cavite Mutiny.

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June 12, 1896: Philippine Independence Day

The day Filipinos commemorate their declaration of independence from Spanish rule.

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Limasawa Island

The island where Magellan and his crew celebrated the first Catholic Mass in the Philippines.

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Mazaua

The island where Magellan and his crew first landed in the Philippines.

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GOMBURZA Execution

The Spanish government's response to the Cavite Mutiny, where three Filipino priests, Jose Burgos, Jacinto Zamora, and Mariano Gomez, were executed by strangulation. This event became a symbol of Spanish oppression and fueled Filipino nationalism.

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Frailocracia

The term used to describe the period of Spanish rule in the Philippines where the friars (Catholic priests) held a great deal of power and influence.

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Filipino Response to Cavite Mutiny

The Filipino response to the Cavite Mutiny and the execution of GOMBURZA, which highlighted the unfairness of the Spanish government and the power of the friars. It was a key event in shaping Filipino nationalism, leading to the eventual revolution.

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Significance of the Cavite Mutiny

This event was a major turning point in Filipino history. It demonstrated the oppressive nature of Spanish rule and strengthened the growing movement for independence. The executions of the three priests became a symbol of resistance and injustice, inspiring future generations of Filipinos to fight for their freedom.

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Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo

The publication of Jose Rizal's novels, Noli Me Tangere (1887) and El Filibusterismo (1891), which criticized Spanish colonialism and fueled the nationalist movement.

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Philippine Revolution

The violent uprising against Spanish rule that began on August 23, 1898, culminating in Philippine independence.

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Philippine Independence

The official declaration of Philippine independence from Spain on June 12, 1898, after the revolution.

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Rizal's Retraction

A controversial claim that Jose Rizal, the national hero of the Philippines, renounced his writings and beliefs shortly before his execution by the Spanish authorities.

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Rizal Did NOT Retract

The contention that Rizal did not retract his writings and beliefs, and that the document presented as proof is forged or misrepresented.

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Retraction Controversy

The debate surrounding Rizal's retraction centers on the authenticity of a document allegedly signed by him. This document is said to be a signed confession of faith, but its authenticity is questioned.

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Study Notes

Gender Roles and Stereotypes

  • Gender roles refer to expected behaviors, speech, dress, grooming, and conduct based on assigned sex. These are culturally determined and considered acceptable.
  • Gender roles define socio-cultural expectations for men and women in public and private life, based on their assigned sex category (male or female). A person's sex is usually determined by genital appearance at birth.
  • Men are typically expected to be strong, aggressive, and bold, showing less emotion and affection. They are traditionally seen as the protector, provider, and breadwinner.
  • Women are generally expected to be feminine, polite, modest, nurturing, and submissive. They are usually seen as the homemaker, responsible for the reproductive and domestic work within the household.
  • Gender stereotypes are generalized beliefs about attributes or characteristics associated with men and women, or the roles they should fulfill. Stereotypes can be positive or negative.

Philippine Gender Roles Across Eras

  • Pre-Colonial Era: Men and women had relatively equal status.
  • Spanish Era: Women were subordinate, establishing a patriarchal, enduring social structure.
  • American Era: Gender roles became more fixed or modernized, but patriarchy continued to dominate society.
  • Japanese Era: Gender roles were significantly disrupted by war. Men fought in guerrilla warfare; women served as medical aides and nurses. Japanese occupation also established forced labor.

Religion & Traditional Family Values

  • Religion, particularly Catholicism, significantly influences gender roles in the Philippines.
  • Patriarchal structure: Catholicism emphasizes traditional family roles, with men typically having more authority.
  • Women are frequently assigned nurturing and domestic roles, prioritizing family over career aspirations.
  • Strong emphasis on marital fidelity and chastity; divorce isn't recognized by the Catholic Church.

Impact of Gender Equality

  • Traditional gender roles limit women's opportunities in education and employment.
  • Domestic violence may result from certain cultural views that place men in positions of authority.
  • Catholic Church's stance on abortion and contraception can restrict women's reproductive choices and autonomy.

Challenges & Changes

  • Modernization and education lead to growing gender equality movements.
  • Feminist movements advocate for women's rights and challenge traditional gender roles.
  • Secularization trends influence societies, decreasing reliance on religious influences on social structures.

The Cry of Balintawak

  • The "Cry" is the beginning of the Philippine Revolution marking the start of Philippine resistance against Spanish colonial rule.
  • Some events associated with the cry include an event where community taxes were repudiated and patriotic cries for Philippine independence.

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Description

Explore the cultural expectations and behaviors that define gender roles and stereotypes in the Philippines. This quiz delves into how society views men and women, including the traditional expectations placed upon each gender. Understand the complexities of these roles and their implications in both public and private life.

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